冰片是一种主要从植物中提取的高脂溶性双环萜烯，是单萜类化合物的代表。现代医学已证实冰片具有多种药理活性，可用于治疗多种疾病，特别是心脑血管疾病（CVD）。在增强药物递送和提高生物利用度方面的关键作用引起了广泛关注。此外，冰片还广泛应用于食品、日化、香料、香精香料等行业。本文对冰片的来源、药理活性与作用机制、临床试验、药代动力学、毒性及应用等进行了系统综述。此外，本综述还介绍了龙脑酯的药理作用以及龙脑与纳米材料的组合。该综述将为冰片的研究，启发其在医药、食品、日化产品中的药理应用，以及开发含有冰片或其衍生物的新药提供宝贵的资源。本综述检索关键词（“冰片”或“冰片”）酯”）和（“药理学”或“中药”或“心脑血管疾病”或“血脑屏障”或“缺血性中风”或“纳米材料”或“神经退行性疾病”或“糖尿病”或“毒性”） ）于 1990 年 1 月至 2024 年 5 月在 Web of Science、PubMed、Google Scholar 和中国知网（CNKI）发表。检索仅限于以英文和中文发表的文章。冰片具有广泛的药理活性，包括抗炎作用、镇痛作用、抗氧化，并具有跨越生物屏障和治疗CVD的特性。其内在分子机制涉及多种成分，如调节多种关键因子（包括肿瘤坏死因子-α、核因子κ-B、白细胞介素-1β、丙二醛）、抑制转运蛋白功能、调节生化水平、改变体质等。结构性变化。此外，这篇综述还介绍了龙脑酯的药理作用以及龙脑与纳米材料的结合。龙脑的药理特性和应用前景广阔，包括抗炎、镇痛、抗菌和抗氧化特性，以及增强药物递送和药物传递等。治疗心血管疾病。然而，其安全性、有效性和药代动力学研究有限，阻碍了其临床应用。因此，本文系统总结了冰片的药理活性和作用机制的研究进展。还概述了标准化临床试验以及与其他药物协同效应的探索。版权所有 © 2024。由 Elsevier GmbH 出版。

Borneol, a highly lipid-soluble bicyclic terpene mainly extracted from plants, is representative of monoterpenoids. Modern medicine has established that borneol exhibits a range of pharmacological activities and used in the treatment of many diseases, particularly Cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs). The crucial role in enhancing drug delivery and improving bioavailability has attracted much attention. In addition, borneol is also widely utilized in food, daily chemicals, fragrances, and flavors industries.This review systematically summarized the sources, pharmacological activities and mechanisms, clinical trial, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and application of borneol. In addition, this review describes the pharmacological effects of borneol ester and the combination of borneol with nanomaterial. This review will provide a valuable resource for those pursuing researches on borneol inspiring the pharmacological applications in the medicine, food and daily chemical products, and developing of new drugs containing borneol or its derivatives.This review searched the keywords ("borneol" or "bornyl esters") and ("pharmacology" or "Traditional Chinese medicine" or "Cardio-cerebrovascular diseases" or "blood-brain barrier" or "ischemic stroke" or "nanomaterials" or "neurodegenerative diseases" or "diabetes" or "toxicity") in Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from January 1990 to May 2024. The search was limited to articles published in English and Chinese.Borneol exhibits extensive pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory effects, analgesia, antioxidation, and has the property of crossing biological barriers and treating CVDs. The intrinsic molecular mechanisms are involved in multiple components, such as regulation of various key factors (including Tumor necrosis factor-α, Nuclear factor kappa-B, Interleukin-1β, Malondialdehyde), inhibiting transporter protein function, regulating biochemical levels, and altering physical structural changes. In addition, this review describes the pharmacological effects of borneol ester and the combination of borneol with nanomaterial.The pharmacological properties and applications of borneol are promising, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, as well as enhancing drug delivery and treating CVDs. However, its clinical application is hindered by the limited research on safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. Therefore, this review systemically summarized the advances on pharmacological activities and mechanisms of the borneol. Standardized clinical trials and exploration of synergistic effects with other drugs were also are outlined.Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier GmbH.