免疫检查点抑制剂 (ICIs) 改变了癌症治疗，改善了许多患者的治疗结果。然而，被称为免疫相关不良事件 (irAE) 的毒性是这些革命性治疗方法的局限性。这些 irAE 可能会随着治疗或 ICI 停止而缓解（急性），或者在治疗停止后持续数月（慢性）。急性 irAE 是最先被认识到的，因此得到了更深入的研究。然而，慢性 irAE 近年来备受关注，并正在成为更深入研究的主题。人们注意到这些慢性 irAE 会影响许多不同的器官系统，包括内分泌、风湿、胃肠、皮肤、神经和心血管系统。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了有关影响各种器官系统的慢性 irAE 的频率、时间过程和风险因素的当前知识、治疗方法和未来方向。© 作者（或其雇主）2024 年。 Re - CC BY-NC 允许使用。不得商业再利用。请参阅权利和权限。英国医学杂志出版。

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer treatment, improving outcomes for many patients. However, toxicities termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are limitations of these revolutionary treatments. These irAEs may resolve with treatment or ICI cessation (acute) or persist many months beyond therapy cessation (chronic). Acute irAEs were the first to be recognized and are thus more well studied. However, chronic irAEs have been highlighted in recent years and are becoming a topic of more intensive investigation. These chronic irAEs have been noted to affect many different organ systems, including endocrine, rheumatologic, gastrointestinal, dermatologic, neurologic, and cardiovascular systems. In this review, we discuss current knowledge surrounding the frequency, time course, and risk factors associated with chronic irAEs affecting various organ systems, treatment approaches, and future directions.© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.