癌症干细胞（CSC）是肿瘤中的一小部分细胞，具有自我更新和持续增殖的特点，可导致肿瘤发生、转移并维持肿瘤异质性。癌症仍然是全球的一个重大疾病负担。过去，手术、放疗和化疗是主要的癌症治疗方法。癌症治疗技术不断发展和进步，靶向治疗、免疫治疗的出现在一定程度上为患者提供了更多的选择。然而，疗效的局限性和治疗耐药性仍然不可避免。我们的综述首先简要介绍了调控CSC的历史发现、原始假设和通路，例如WNT/β-Catenin、hedgehog、Notch、NF-κB、JAK/STAT、TGF-β、PI3K/AKT、PPAR路径，以及它们的串扰。我们重点关注CSC在各种治疗结果和耐药中的作用，包括治疗如何影响CSC的含量和相关分子的改变，CSC介导的治疗耐药，以及靶向CSC在难治性、进展性或耐药性患者中的临床价值。晚期肿瘤。综上所述，CSCs影响治疗效果，针对CSCs的治疗方法目前仍难以确定。明确监管机制并针对 CSC 的生物标志物是目前的主流想法。© 2024。作者。

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subset of cells in tumors that are characterized by self-renewal and continuous proliferation, lead to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and maintain tumor heterogeneity. Cancer continues to be a significant global disease burden. In the past, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were the main cancer treatments. The technology of cancer treatments continues to develop and advance, and the emergence of targeted therapy, and immunotherapy provides more options for patients to a certain extent. However, the limitations of efficacy and treatment resistance are still inevitable. Our review begins with a brief introduction of the historical discoveries, original hypotheses, and pathways that regulate CSCs, such as WNT/β-Catenin, hedgehog, Notch, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, TGF-β, PI3K/AKT, PPAR pathway, and their crosstalk. We focus on the role of CSCs in various therapeutic outcomes and resistance, including how the treatments affect the content of CSCs and the alteration of related molecules, CSCs-mediated therapeutic resistance, and the clinical value of targeting CSCs in patients with refractory, progressed or advanced tumors. In summary, CSCs affect therapeutic efficacy, and the treatment method of targeting CSCs is still difficult to determine. Clarifying regulatory mechanisms and targeting biomarkers of CSCs is currently the mainstream idea.© 2024. The Author(s).