一名患有前列腺癌（cT3aN0M0）的 81 岁男性，接受激素治疗已有 4 年，前列腺特异性抗原水平一直较低，出现盆腔淋巴结转移。组织活检显示转移淋巴结中前列腺癌的神经内分泌分化。因此，开始了卡铂+依托泊苷化疗。在第一个疗程中，由于中性粒细胞计数下降至 230/μl，因此服用非格司亭 2 天。在第二个疗程中，第 4 天给予聚乙二醇非格司亭作为预防。然而，在第二个疗程的第 10 天，他开始出现发烧和疲劳。由于怀疑感染，使用了抗生素，但未能改善他的症状。第 14 天，普通计算机断层扫描显示主动脉炎症的迹象。由于抗生素治疗一周后仍未见改善，怀疑患有粒细胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）诱发的主动脉炎，开始类固醇治疗，症状迅速改善。因此，当遇到G-CSF药物化疗期间发热对抗生素无反应的病例时，需要考虑与G-CSF药物引起的主动脉炎症鉴别诊断。

An 81-year-old man with prostate cancer (cT3aN0M0), who had been undergoing hormonal therapy for 4 years and had maintained low prostate specific antigen levels, developed metastasized pelvic lymph nodes. A tissue biopsy revealed neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer in the metastatic lymph nodes. Consequently, chemotherapy with carboplatin＋etoposide was initiated. During the first course, filgrastim was administered for 2 days due to a drop in his neutrophil count to 230/μl. During the second course, pegfilgrastim was administered as prophylaxis on day 4. However, on day 10 of the second course, he started to develop a fever and fatigue. Suspecting infection, antibiotics were administered, but failed to ameliorate his symptoms. On day 14, plain computed tomography revealed signs of aortic inflammation. Given the lack of improvement even after one week of antibiotic therapy, steroid treatment was initiated on the suspicion of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) -induced aortitis, which rapidly improved his symptoms. Therefore, when encountering a case in which a fever remains unresponsive to antibiotics during chemotherapy with G-CSF agents, a differential diagnosis of aortic inflammation caused by G-CSF agents needs to be considered.