骨髓 (BM) 内的造血作用是一个复杂且动态的过程，受到神经信号通路的复杂调节。这种微妙的协调很容易受到衰老、糖尿病和肥胖等因素的干扰，从而损害骨髓生态位，从而影响造血功能。 Tet2、Dnmt3a、Asxl1 和 Jak2 的基因突变已知会引起中等潜能克隆造血 (CHIP)，这是一种与年龄相关的血液恶性肿瘤相关的疾病。尽管有这些见解，但昼夜节律、1-磷酸鞘氨醇 (S1P)、基质细胞衍生因子 1 (SDF-1)、无菌性炎症和补体级联对各种 BM 生态位细胞的确切作用仍知之甚少。需要进一步的研究来阐明骨髓微环境细胞如何通过神经调节促进这些恶性肿瘤及其在基因校正干细胞发育中的潜力。本文献综述描述了血液恶性肿瘤背景下骨髓微环境细胞在造血功能方面的最新功能，特别关注神经信号传导和放射缓解剂在急性放射综合征中的潜力。此外，它还强调了迫切需要基于干细胞的疗法取得技术进步，以减轻免疫应激源的影响。最近的研究阐明了造血过程中骨髓内微环境细胞的微观异质性和时间随机性，强调了神经信号和免疫监视的更新作用。开发能够产生血液、免疫细胞和组织驻留后代的基因校正干细胞对于对抗与年龄相关的血液恶性肿瘤和克服免疫挑战至关重要。本综述旨在全面概述这些不断发展的见解及其对未来治疗策略的影响。© 2024。作者获得 Springer Science Business Media, LLC（Springer Nature 旗下公司）的独家许可。

Haematopoiesis within the bone marrow (BM) represents a complex and dynamic process intricately regulated by neural signaling pathways. This delicate orchestration is susceptible to disruption by factors such as aging, diabetes, and obesity, which can impair the BM niche and consequently affect haematopoiesis. Genetic mutations in Tet2, Dnmt3a, Asxl1, and Jak2 are known to give rise to clonal haematopoiesis of intermediate potential (CHIP), a condition linked to age-related haematological malignancies. Despite these insights, the exact roles of circadian rhythms, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), sterile inflammation, and the complement cascade on various BM niche cells remain inadequately understood. Further research is needed to elucidate how BM niche cells contribute to these malignancies through neural regulation and their potential in the development of gene-corrected stem cells. This literature review describes the updated functional aspects of BM niche cells in haematopoiesis within the context of haematological malignancies, with a particular focus on neural signaling and the potential of radiomitigators in acute radiation syndrome. Additionally, it underscores the pressing need for technological advancements in stem cell-based therapies to alleviate the impacts of immunological stressors. Recent studies have illuminated the microheterogeneity and temporal stochasticity of niche cells within the BM during haematopoiesis, emphasizing the updated roles of neural signaling and immunosurveillance. The development of gene-corrected stem cells capable of producing blood, immune cells, and tissue-resident progeny is essential for combating age-related haematological malignancies and overcoming immunological challenges. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of these evolving insights and their implications for future therapeutic strategies.© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.