膀胱癌（BC）是全球第十大常见癌症，主要影响男性。由于晚期复发率高且预后差，早期发现和治疗至关重要。膀胱镜检查和影像学等传统诊断方法存在局限性，因此人们开始探索液体活检等无创方法。本综述重点介绍了生物传感器在 BC 中的应用，包括用于检测蛋白质、核酸和其他生物分子等肿瘤标志物的电化学和光学传感器，并指出了它们的临床相关性。还探索了新兴的治疗方法，例如抗体药物偶联物、靶向治疗、免疫治疗和基因治疗，并检查了生物传感器在检测相应生物标志物以指导这些治疗中的作用。最后，该综述讨论了 BC 生物传感器应用当前的挑战和未来方向，强调需要进行大规模临床试验以及整合深度学习等先进技术，以提高诊断准确性和治疗效果。

Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most common cancer globally, predominantly affecting men. Early detection and treatment are crucial due to high recurrence rates and poor prognosis for advanced stages. Traditional diagnostic methods like cystoscopy and imaging have limitations, leading to the exploration of noninvasive methods such as liquid biopsy. This review highlights the application of biosensors in BC, including electrochemical and optical sensors for detecting tumor markers like proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules, noting their clinical relevance. Emerging therapeutic approaches, such as antibody-drug conjugates, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy, are also explored, the role of biosensors in detecting corresponding biomarkers to guide these treatments is examined. Finally, the review addresses the current challenges and future directions for biosensor applications in BC, highlighting the need for large-scale clinical trials and the integration of advanced technologies like deep learning to enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy.