根据世界卫生组织的数据，癌症仍然位居致命疾病的前列。全球癌症发病率和死亡率呈上升趋势，强调应继续努力开发检测和治疗方法。诊断路径通常从了解患者的病史开始；接下来是基本的血液检查和影像学检查，以表明癌症可能位于何处，以安排穿刺活检。及时开始诊断至关重要，因为癌症检测延迟会导致更高的治疗和住院费用。因此，需要新的癌症检测方法，例如液体活检、弹性成像、合成生物传感器、荧光成像和反射共焦显微镜。传统的治疗方法虽然在临床实践中仍然很常见，但存在许多局限性并且不能令人满意。如今，临床研究不断取得进展，并开发出更精确有效的方法，如溶瘤病毒疗法、基于外泌体的疗法、纳米技术、树突状细胞、嵌合抗原受体、免疫检查点抑制剂、基于天然产物的疗法、肿瘤治疗等。治疗场和光动力疗法。本文比较了传统和现代癌症检测和治疗方法的现有数据，以促进对这个快速发展的领域及其未来方向的理解。事实证明，现代方法并非没有缺点。仍然需要开发新的检测策略和治疗方法，以提高敏感性、特异性、安全性和有效性。尽管如此，我们还是采取了适当的途径，一些现代方法得到了食品药品监督管理局的批准。©作者2024。百事登出版集团有限公司出版。保留所有权利。

In accordance with the World Health Organization data, cancer remains at the forefront of fatal diseases. An upward trend in cancer incidence and mortality has been observed globally, emphasizing that efforts in developing detection and treatment methods should continue. The diagnostic path typically begins with learning the medical history of a patient; this is followed by basic blood tests and imaging tests to indicate where cancer may be located to schedule a needle biopsy. Prompt initiation of diagnosis is crucial since delayed cancer detection entails higher costs of treatment and hospitalization. Thus, there is a need for novel cancer detection methods such as liquid biopsy, elastography, synthetic biosensors, fluorescence imaging, and reflectance confocal microscopy. Conventional therapeutic methods, although still common in clinical practice, pose many limitations and are unsatisfactory. Nowadays, there is a dynamic advancement of clinical research and the development of more precise and effective methods such as oncolytic virotherapy, exosome-based therapy, nanotechnology, dendritic cells, chimeric antigen receptors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, natural product-based therapy, tumor-treating fields, and photodynamic therapy. The present paper compares available data on conventional and modern methods of cancer detection and therapy to facilitate an understanding of this rapidly advancing field and its future directions. As evidenced, modern methods are not without drawbacks; there is still a need to develop new detection strategies and therapeutic approaches to improve sensitivity, specificity, safety, and efficacy. Nevertheless, an appropriate route has been taken, as confirmed by the approval of some modern methods by the Food and Drug Administration.©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.