人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）疫苗的开发取得了实质性进展，自2006年以来已批准了五种预防性疫苗。总体而言，预防性HPV疫苗的部署可有效预防新发感染和HPV相关恶性肿瘤的发生。然而，在预防所有 HPV 感染和根除已确诊的 HPV 感染以及随后发展为癌症方面，还有很长的路要走。通过整合来自更多 HPV 亚型的 L1 蛋白来优化预防性 HPV 疫苗，探索增强细胞免疫反应以根除 HPV 感染细胞的佐剂，以及开发单独使用或与其他癌症治疗方式联合使用的治疗性 HPV 疫苗可能会带来一个新时代距离摆脱HPV感染及相关疾病的愿景更近了一步。在此，我们总结了预防性和治疗性 HPV 疫苗的开发策略，重点是抗原和佐剂的选择，以及基于临床前研究和临床试验的疫苗功效的影响。此外，我们概述了当前有关 HPV 疫苗接种者的配方策略、给药方案和年龄扩展的前沿见解，这些见解可能在解决疫苗接种障碍（例如疫苗犹豫和疫苗可用性）方面发挥重要作用。版权所有 © 2024 Wang, Huang 、余、李、王、谢。

The development of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines has made substantive progress, as represented by the approval of five prophylactic vaccines since 2006. Generally, the deployment of prophylactic HPV vaccines is effective in preventing newly acquired infections and incidences of HPV-related malignancies. However, there is still a long way to go regarding the prevention of all HPV infections and the eradication of established HPV infections, as well as the subsequent progression to cancer. Optimizing prophylactic HPV vaccines by incorporating L1 proteins from more HPV subtypes, exploring adjuvants that reinforce cellular immune responses to eradicate HPV-infected cells, and developing therapeutic HPV vaccines used either alone or in combination with other cancer therapeutic modalities might bring about a new era getting closer to the vision to get rid of HPV infection and related diseases. Herein, we summarize strategies for the development of HPV vaccines, both prophylactic and therapeutic, with an emphasis on the selection of antigens and adjuvants, as well as implications for vaccine efficacy based on preclinical studies and clinical trials. Additionally, we outline current cutting-edge insights on formulation strategies, dosing schedules, and age expansion among HPV vaccine recipients, which might play important roles in addressing barriers to vaccine uptake, such as vaccine hesitancy and vaccine availability.Copyright © 2024 Wang, Huang, Yu, Li, Wang and Xie.