肌内疫苗在引发强大的粘膜免疫和预防呼吸道病原体传播方面存在局限性。舌下疫苗接种提供了有希望的优势，包括相互关联的粘膜保护。尽管有这些优点，但只有少数临床试验探索了舌下疫苗，这凸显了优化下一代疫苗配方的必要性。关键研究重点包括了解口腔环境中的载体行为、了解它们与粘膜免疫的相互作用以及开发能够持续粘膜接触以促进有效转导的制剂。因此，扁桃体类器官作为代表性的人类粘膜模型，可以为舌下免疫提供重要的见解。因此，整合药理学、免疫学和制造因素的多学科方法对于舌下疫苗针对病原体加重的流行性呼吸道疾病（包括哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病和肺癌）以及抗菌素耐药性危机至关重要。版权所有 © 2024 Sallard 和 Aydin 。

Intramuscular vaccines present limitations in eliciting robust mucosal immunity and preventing respiratory pathogens transmission. Sublingual vaccine administration offers promising advantages, including interconnected mucosal protection. Despite these advantages, only a few clinical trials have explored sublingual vaccines, underscoring the necessity of optimizing next-generation vaccine formulas. Critical research priorities include understanding vector behavior in the oral environment, understanding their interactions with mucosal immunity and developing formulations enabling sustained mucosal contact to facilitate efficient transduction. Consequently, tonsil organoids, as representative human mucosal models, could offer critical insights into sublingual immunization. Thus, a multi-disciplinary approach integrating pharmacological, immunological, and manufacturing considerations is pivotal for sublingual vaccines in targeting pathogen-aggravated prevalent respiratory diseases including asthma, COPD and lung cancer, as well as the antimicrobial resistance crisis.Copyright © 2024 Sallard and Aydin.