细菌细胞外囊泡（BEV）的特征是脂质双层膜包围的纳米颗粒，充满来自母细胞的分子货物，在细菌生长和发病机制中发挥着重要作用，并促进细菌与宿主系统之间的重要相互作用。值得注意的是，受益于其独特的生物功能，BEV 作为新型纳米药物具有广阔的前景，具有多种生物医学潜力，吸引了工业界和学术界的极大兴趣。通常，BEV 因其固有的细胞靶向能力、易于通用的货物工程以及穿透生理屏障的能力而被评估为有前途的药物输送平台。此外，由于具有相当大的内在免疫原性，BEV能够与宿主免疫系统相互作用，促进免疫治疗，作为针对多种疾病的新型纳米疫苗。针对这些重要方向，在这篇综述中，我们阐明了 BEV 的性质及其在激活宿主免疫反应中的作用，以便更好地了解基于 BEV 的纳米药物的开发。此外，我们还系统地总结了 BEV 在实现遗传物质、治疗剂和功能材料的靶向递送方面的最新进展。此外，还仔细介绍了使用 BEV 的疫苗接种策略，说明了它们在对抗细菌感染、病毒感染和癌症方面的灵活治疗潜力。最后，还将提供这些基于 BEV 的纳米药物的当前障碍和进一步展望。© 2024。作者。

Bacteria extracellular vesicles (BEVs), characterized as the lipid bilayer membrane-surrounded nanoparticles filled with molecular cargo from parent cells, play fundamental roles in the bacteria growth and pathogenesis, as well as facilitating essential interaction between bacteria and host systems. Notably, benefiting from their unique biological functions, BEVs hold great promise as novel nanopharmaceuticals for diverse biomedical potential, attracting significant interest from both industry and academia. Typically, BEVs are evaluated as promising drug delivery platforms, on account of their intrinsic cell-targeting capability, ease of versatile cargo engineering, and capability to penetrate physiological barriers. Moreover, attributing to considerable intrinsic immunogenicity, BEVs are able to interact with the host immune system to boost immunotherapy as the novel nanovaccine against a wide range of diseases. Towards these significant directions, in this review, we elucidate the nature of BEVs and their role in activating host immune response for a better understanding of BEV-based nanopharmaceuticals' development. Additionally, we also systematically summarize recent advances in BEVs for achieving the target delivery of genetic material, therapeutic agents, and functional materials. Furthermore, vaccination strategies using BEVs are carefully covered, illustrating their flexible therapeutic potential in combating bacterial infections, viral infections, and cancer. Finally, the current hurdles and further outlook of these BEV-based nanopharmaceuticals will also be provided.© 2024. The Author(s).