自身免疫性脑炎是一种以大脑炎症为特征的疾病，这是由于免疫系统针对中枢神经系统 (CNS) 内自身抗原的反应而引起的。这类疾病至少与脑炎的感染性原因一样普遍，并且涵盖多种病症。由于鉴定了导致各种神经系统和神经精神疾病的各种致病性自身抗体，该领域迅速扩大。这些疾病通常表现出独特的认知、癫痫和运动障碍表型，使其在临床上可识别。快速识别和治疗对于改善患者预后和及时诊断相关肿瘤至关重要。本文重点关注涉及神经元细胞表面抗原的自身抗体介导的脑炎综合征。它借鉴了处理此类病例的临床经验，阐明了诊断和治疗的实际方面。此外，它强调了神经免疫学进步的持续重要性，这将影响这些疾病的未来诊断和治疗。© 印度医师协会杂志 2024 年。

Autoimmune encephalitis is a condition marked by inflammation in the brain due to an immune system response targeting self-antigens within the central nervous system (CNS). This class of disorders is at least as prevalent as infectious causes of encephalitis and encompasses a wide range of conditions. The field has rapidly expanded thanks to the identification of various pathogenic autoantibodies responsible for varied neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. These disorders often present with distinct cognitive, seizure, and movement disorder phenotypes, making them clinically identifiable. Swift identification and treatment are pivotal for improving patient outcomes and promptly diagnosing associated tumors. This article zeroes in on autoantibody-mediated encephalitis syndromes involving neuronal cell-surface antigens. It sheds light on practical aspects of diagnosis and treatment, drawing from clinical experiences in managing such cases. Additionally, it underscores the ongoing importance of neuroimmunological advances that will shape the future diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.© Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2024.