现有的关于动物实验的准备（规划动物研究和实验程序：卓越建议（PREPARE））和报告（动物研究：体内实验报告（ARRIVE））的指南没有提供明确和标准化的方法来改进动物实验。体内癌症研究，导致通用方法学部分的出版，这些部分不能很好地反映准确监测不同病理学的尝试。遵守3Rs准则主要集中在减少和替代；然而，细化实施起来却比较困难。肿瘤学最佳实践：体内实验的标志、终点和细化 (OBSERVE) 指南是由 EuroOPDX 和 INFRAFRONTIER 支持的欧洲倡议的成果，旨在通过提供稳健且实用的体内癌症模型来促进使用体内癌症模型的研究的完善关于研究科学家和动物护理人员方法的建议。我们列出了癌症特异性的临床症状作为参考点，并据此为各种啮齿动物模型制定了一套指南，包括基因工程模型和患者来源的异种移植模型。在本共识声明中，我们系统、全面地讨论了小鼠癌症研究的设计和执行过程中的细化和监测方法。我们详细阐述了肿瘤起始生物制品的适当制备和肿瘤植入方法的完善。我们描述了与肿瘤生长相关的临床体征监测、针对不同临床体征和人道终点的动物的适当随访，以及与临床体征、植入方法和肿瘤特征相关的严重性评估的概述。该指南为肿瘤学研究人员改进体内癌症模型提供了清晰而有力的指导。© 2024。Springer Nature Limited。

Existing guidelines on the preparation (Planning Research and Experimental Procedures on Animals: Recommendations for Excellence (PREPARE)) and reporting (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE)) of animal experiments do not provide a clear and standardized approach for refinement during in vivo cancer studies, resulting in the publication of generic methodological sections that poorly reflect the attempts made at accurately monitoring different pathologies. Compliance with the 3Rs guidelines has mainly focused on reduction and replacement; however, refinement has been harder to implement. The Oncology Best-practices: Signs, Endpoints and Refinements for in Vivo Experiments (OBSERVE) guidelines are the result of a European initiative supported by EurOPDX and INFRAFRONTIER, and aim to facilitate the refinement of studies using in vivo cancer models by offering robust and practical recommendations on approaches to research scientists and animal care staff. We listed cancer-specific clinical signs as a reference point and from there developed sets of guidelines for a wide variety of rodent models, including genetically engineered models and patient derived xenografts. In this Consensus Statement, we systematically and comprehensively address refinement and monitoring approaches during the design and execution of murine cancer studies. We elaborate on the appropriate preparation of tumor-initiating biologicals and the refinement of tumor-implantation methods. We describe the clinical signs to monitor associated with tumor growth, the appropriate follow-up of animals tailored to varying clinical signs and humane endpoints, and an overview of severity assessment in relation to clinical signs, implantation method and tumor characteristics. The guidelines provide oncology researchers clear and robust guidance for the refinement of in vivo cancer models.© 2024. Springer Nature Limited.