吉赞工业经济城 (JIEC) 位于沙特阿拉伯西南部吉赞省的红海沿岸，拥有能源、海水淡化、石油、铝、铜、炼油厂、制药和食品制造领域的多种重工业和第二工业。这些不同的行业产生大量含有各种有毒物质的工业废水。目前的工作代表了环境生物技术进步的对生态有益的替代方案，这有助于减轻石油精炼废水造成的环境污染的不利影响。从吉赞炼油厂工业废水中分离出的真菌菌群（32株真菌）分别属于镰刀菌属、轮枝菌属、紫霉属、棒孢菌属和Scedosporium 5个真菌属，分布百分比分别为31.25、21.88、15.63、12.50和18.75%，分别。这些分离株对大量重金属（Fe2、Ni2、Cr6、Zn2、As3、Cu2、Cd2、Pb2、Ag和Hg2）表现出多金属耐受性和生物去除效率，以及对原油和多环芳烃的有效生物修复活性。有趣的是，针对不同类别的真菌抗生素（包括唑类药物（氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康​​唑、泊沙康唑、艾沙康唑和酮康唑）、棘白菌素（阿尼芬净、卡泊芬净和米卡芬净）和多烯（两性霉素 B）药物）获得的真菌生物组耐药性模式证明了抗生素耐药性的普遍存在沙特阿拉伯炼油行业的真菌群相对较低。分离代码为 JAZ-20 的真菌分离物对重金属 (90.8-100.0%)、原油 (89.50%)、萘 (96.7%)、菲 (92.52%)、荧蒽 (100.0%)、蒽表现出最高的生物去除效率(90.34%)、芘 (85.60%) 和屈 (83.4%)。它对各种工业废水中发现的多种污染物显示出最高的生物去除能力，范围为 85.72% 至 100.0%，包括双氯芬酸、布洛芬、卡马西平、对乙酰氨基酚、磺胺甲恶唑、双酚、博来霉素、长春新碱、三氯杀螨醇、甲基对硫磷、莠去津、敌草隆、狄氏剂、毒死蜱、丙溴磷和菲。选择分离株 JAZ-20 进行分子分型、细胞毒性评估、挥发性化合物分析和优化研究。基于表型、生化和系统发育分析，菌株JAZ-20被鉴定为Scedosporium apiospermum JAZ-20。该菌株是在沙特阿拉伯的工业废水中新发现的。真菌菌株 JAZ-20 持续产生各种类型的饱和和不饱和脂肪酸。主要脂肪酸为 C14:0 (1.95 %)、iso-C14:0 (2.98 %)、anteiso-C14:0 (2.13 %)、iso-C15:0 (9.16 %)、anteiso-C15:0 (11.75 %)、C15:0 (7.42 %)、C15:1 (2.37 %)、反异-C16:0 (3.4 %)、C16:0 (10.3 %)、异-C16:0 (9.5 %)、C17:1 (1.36%)、反异-C17:1 (8.64%)、异-C18:0 (11.0%)、C18:0 (3.63%)、反异-C19:0 (3.78%)、反异-C20:0 (2.0 %)、异-C21:0 (2.44%)、C23:0 (1.15%) 和 C24:0 (2.17%)。这些脂肪酸作为天然且环保的抗真菌剂，可促进真菌抗性并抑制环境中霉菌毒素的产生。尽管是环境分离物，但仍针对正常和癌性人类细胞系评估了其细胞毒性。 JAZ-20 提取物对 WI38、MRC5、MCF10A、HEK293 和 HDF 正常细胞的 IC50 值为 8.92、10.41、20.0、16.5 和 40.0 μg/mL，对肝脏 (HepG2) 的 IC50 值为 43.26、33.75 和 40.0 μg/mL。分别为乳腺癌 (A549) 和宫颈癌 (HeLa)。基于气相色谱-质谱法 (GC-MS)，对 S. apiospermum JAZ-20 提取物进行分析，结果显示 47 种已知的挥发性化合物 (VOC) 具有不同且显着的生物活性。提高实际炼油废水中重金属的生物去除效率涉及优化工艺参数。优化的参数包括接触时间、真菌生物量剂量、pH、温度和搅拌速率。© 2024 作者。

Jazan Industrial Economic City (JIEC) is located on the Red Sea coast in the province of Jazan, southwest of Saudi Arabia anchors diverse heavy and secondary industries in the energy, water desalination, petroleum, aluminum, copper, refineries, pharmaceuticals and food manufacturing fields. These various industries generate a large quantity of industrial wastewaters containing various toxicants. The present work represents ecologically beneficial alternatives for the advancement of environmental biotechnology, which could help mitigate the adverse impacts of environmental pollution resulting from petroleum refining effluents. The mycobiome (32 fungal strains) isolated from the industrial wastewater of the refinery sector in Jazan were belonged to five fungal genera including Fusarium, Verticillium, Purpureocillium, Clavispora and Scedosporium with a distribution percentage of 31.25, 21.88, 15.63, 12.50 and 18.75 %, respectively. These isolates showed multimetals tolerance and bioremoval efficiency against a large number of heavy metals (Fe2+, Ni2+, Cr6+, Zn2+, As3+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Ag+ and Hg2+) along with potent bioremediation activity toward crude oil and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Interestingly, the mycobiome resistance patterns obtained against different classes of fungal antibiotics including azole (fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole and ketoconazole), echinocandin (anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin) and polyene (amphotericin B) drugs proved the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among the mycobiome of refinery industry in Saudi Arabia is relatively low. The fungal isolate under isolation code JAZ-20 showed the highest bioremoval efficiency against heavy metals (90.8-100.0 %), crude oil (89.50 %), naphthalene (96.7 %), phenanthrene (92.52 %), fluoranthene (100.0 %), anthracene (90.34 %), pyrene (85.60 %) and chrysene (83.4 %). It showed the highest bioremoval capacity ranging from 85.72 % to 100.0 % against numerous pollutants found in a wide array of industrial effluents, including diclofenac, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole, bisphenol, bleomycin, vincristine, dicofol, methyl parathion, atrazine, diuron, dieldrin, chlorpyrifos, profenofos and phenanthrene. The isolate JAZ-20 was chosen for molecular typing, cytotoxicity assessment, analysis of volatile compounds and optimization investigations. Based on phenotypic, biochemical and phylogenetic analysis, strain JAZ-20 identified as Scedosporium apiospermum JAZ-20. This strain is newly discovered in industrial effluents in Saudi Arabia. Fungal strain JAZ-20 consistently produced various types of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. the main fatty acids were C14:0 (1.95 %), iso-C14:0 (2.98 %), anteiso-C14:0 (2.13 %), iso-C15:0 (9.16 %), anteiso-C15:0 (11.75 %), C15:0 (7.42 %), C15:1 (2.37 %), anteiso-C16:0 (3.4 %), C16:0 (10.3 %), iso-C16:0 (9.5 %), C17:1 (1.36 %), anteiso-C17:1 (8.64 %), iso-C18:0 (11.0 %), C18:0 (3.63 %), anteiso-C19:0 (3.78 %), anteiso-C20:0 (2.0 %), iso-C21:0 (2.44 %), C23:0 (1.15 %), and C24:0 (2.17 %). These fatty acids serve as natural and eco-friendly antifungal agents, promoting fungal resistance and inhibiting the production of mycotoxins in the environment. Despite being an environmental isolate, its cytotoxicity was assessed against both normal and cancerous human cell lines. The IC50 values of JAZ-20 extract were 8.92, 10.41, 20.0, 16.5, and 40.0 μg/mL against WI38, MRC5, MCF10A, HEK293 and HDFs normal cells and 43.26, 33.75, and 40.0 μg/mL against liver (HepG2), breast (A549) and cervix (HeLa) cancers, respectively. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), analysis the extract of S. apiospermum JAZ-20 showed 47 known volatile compounds (VOCs) for varied and significant biological activities. Enhancing the bioremoval efficiency of heavy metals from actual refining wastewater involves optimizing process parameters. The parameters optimized were the contact time, the fungal biomass dosage, pH, temperature and agitation rate.© 2024 The Authors.