作为天然的生命物质，微生物已成为医学上的有用资源，用于创建从纳米到宏观尺寸的微生物-材料混合物。涉及微生物的纳米医学工程利用了微生物独特的生理属性，特别是其内在的“生命”特性，例如缺氧倾向和产氧能力。利用这些显着的特性与其他功能材料或分子相结合，可以实现协同增强，为改善药物输送、特定部位治疗和加强治疗结果监测带来巨大希望，为放大疾病治疗的功效提供了巨大的机会。这篇全面的综述概述了生物医学中使用的微生物和微生物衍生物及其在治疗应用中的具体优势。此外，我们描述了构建微生物-材料混合物所采用的基本策略和机制。所构建的微生物-材料混合物的多种生物医学应用，包括生物成像、抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗炎和其他疾病治疗等都得到了详尽的阐述。我们还讨论了当前与微生物-材料混合平台临床转化相关的挑战和前景。因此，微生物-材料混合物所表现出的独特的多功能性和潜力使它们成为开发具有独特治疗诊断特性和功能的下一代纳米医学和生物材料的有希望的候选者。

As natural living substances, microorganisms have emerged as useful resources in medicine for creating microbe-material hybrids ranging from nano to macro dimensions. The engineering of microbe-involved nanomedicine capitalizes on the distinctive physiological attributes of microbes, particularly their intrinsic "living" properties such as hypoxia tendency and oxygen production capabilities. Exploiting these remarkable characteristics in combination with other functional materials or molecules enables synergistic enhancements that hold tremendous promise for improved drug delivery, site-specific therapy, and enhanced monitoring of treatment outcomes, presenting substantial opportunities for amplifying the efficacy of disease treatments. This comprehensive review outlines the microorganisms and microbial derivatives used in biomedicine and their specific advantages for therapeutic application. In addition, we delineate the fundamental strategies and mechanisms employed for constructing microbe-material hybrids. The diverse biomedical applications of the constructed microbe-material hybrids, encompassing bioimaging, anti-tumor, anti-bacteria, anti-inflammation and other diseases therapy are exhaustively illustrated. We also discuss the current challenges and prospects associated with the clinical translation of microbe-material hybrid platforms. Therefore, the unique versatility and potential exhibited by microbe-material hybrids position them as promising candidates for the development of next-generation nanomedicine and biomaterials with unique theranostic properties and functionalities.