有关酒精和酒精饮料的科学文献表明，这些饮料对牙周组织具有不利影响。此外，其他主要危险因素包括烟草、吸烟、口腔卫生不良等。据观察，在长期酗酒者中，还有其他问题，如精神、社会和身体影响，会促进酗酒。这些人对病原微生物和细菌的免疫力可能较弱。因此，牙龈出血、牙龈肿胀、口臭和骨质流失增加的可能性是存在的。市场上不同的酒精饮料导致流涎较少；这些饮料中含有的糖分会促进病原体在口腔中产生酸，从而使牙釉质脱矿并损害牙龈和牙齿。长期饮酒可能会导致不同类型的口腔疾病，包括癌症、口臭和龋齿，并且也与烟草和吸烟有关。长期饮酒会导致口腔微生物群的改变并增加口腔病原体，从而导致牙周病以及由于营养不良、免疫力下降、肝脏状况改变、脑损伤和肠道微生物群改变而在体内产生炎症环境。颜色较深的酒精饮料会在牙齿上产生污渍，并且由于唾液较少，可能会对牙周组织造成其他毒性作用。过度依赖酒精会导致坏死性病变，如坏死性牙龈炎、坏死性牙周炎、坏死性口腔炎等。这些病理损伤会对口腔结构造成严重损害。因此，迫切需要主治牙科医生和相关健康专业人员根据患者的具体情况提供适当的咨询，使其远离经常大量饮酒的情况。版权所有 © 2024，Gandhi 等人。

The scientific literature dealing with alcohol and alcoholic beverages revealed that these drinks possess an adverse impact on periodontal tissues. Additionally, other principal risk factors include tobacco, smoking, poor oral hygiene, etc. It has been observed that among chronic alcoholics, there are further issues, such as mental, social, and physical effects, that promote alcoholism. These people may have weak immunity for defense against pathogenic organisms and bacteria. Thus, chances of gingival bleeding, swollen gums, bad breath, and increased bone loss are there. Different alcoholic beverages in the market cause less salivation; these beverages contain sugars that promote acid production in the oral cavity by pathogens that demineralize the enamel and damage gum and teeth. This chronic alcohol consumption can progress into different types of oral disorders, including cancer, halitosis, and caries, and is also associated with tobacco and smoking. Chronic alcohol consumption can cause alteration of the oral microbiome and increase oral pathogens, which lead to periodontal disease and an environment of inflammation created in the body due to malnutrition, diminished immunity, altered liver condition, brain damage, and gut microbiota alteration. Heavily colored alcoholic beverages produce staining on teeth and, due to less saliva, may cause other toxic effects on the periodontium. Over-dependency on alcohol leads to necrotizing lesions such as necrotizing gingivitis, necrotizing periodontitis, and necrotizing stomatitis. These pathological impairments instigate severe damage to oral structures. Therefore, proper counseling by the attending dental surgeon and related health professionals is urgently required for the patient on the basis that the individual case needs to go away from the regular heavy consumption of alcohol.Copyright © 2024, Gandhi et al.