基于纳米混合的非侵入性生物传感平台正在成为检测复杂多样的生物流体中的生物标志物以实现超灵敏的护理点诊断的有前景的替代方案。在此，我们报告了一种高度灵敏、简便、非侵入性、无标签、价格实惠且创新的电化学丝网印刷免疫传感器的开发，用于识别 CYFRA 21-1，这是一种已确定的口腔癌重要生物标志物。到目前为止，还没有报道利用碳化钛 Ti3C2 MXene 纳米片和 L-半胱氨酸 (L-Cyst) 功能化磁铁矿纳米颗粒 (MNP) 纳米混合免疫传感器进行 CYFRA 21-1 的电化学检测。 L-Cyst@MNPs/Ti3C2-MXene 纳米杂化物通过共沉淀法合成，随后沉积在金丝网印刷电极 (GSPE) 上，提供增强的表面积和电化学性能。然后将纳米杂化修饰的 GSPE 用单克隆抗体（抗 CYFRA-21-1）表面固定，以制造抗 CYFRA-21-1/L-Cyst@MNPs/Ti3C2-MXene/GSPE 免疫电极和非特异性位置免疫电极上覆盖有牛血清白蛋白（BSA）。使用不同的分析技术对合成的纳米杂化物和制造的电极进行光谱、形态和结构分析。使用循环伏安法（CV）、电化学阻抗谱（EIS）和微分脉冲伏安法（DPV）评估修饰电极的电化学研究。制作的 BSA/抗 CYFRA-21-1/L-Cyst@MNPs/Ti3C2-MXene/GSPE 免疫传感器表现出 0.023 ng mL-1 的优异检测限，线性检测范围为 (0.5-30) ng mL -1，电化学 CYFRA 21-1 测定的灵敏度为 277.28 μA (ng mL-1)-1 cm-2，定量下限为 0.618 ng mL-1。因此，这种 L-Cyst@MNPs/Ti3C2-MXene 纳米杂化物也可以作为确定其他癌症生物标志物的潜在候选物进行探索。

Nanohybrid based non-invasive biosensing platforms are emerging as promising alternatives to detect biomarkers in complex and diverse bio-fluids toward ultrasensitive point-of-care diagnostics. Herein, we report the development of a highly sensitive, facile, non-invasive, label free, affordable, and innovative electrochemical screen printed immunosensor for identifying CYFRA 21-1, an established and crucial biomarker for oral cancer. Until now, no work has been reported utilizing a titanium carbide Ti3C2 MXene nanosheet and L-cysteine (L-Cyst) functionalized magnetite nanoparticle (MNPs) nanohybrid based immunosensor for electrochemical detection of CYFRA 21-1. The L-Cyst@MNPs/Ti3C2-MXene nanohybrid was synthesized via the co-precipitation method and later deposited on a gold screen printed electrode (GSPE) offering enhanced surface area and electrochemical properties. The nanohybrid modified GSPE was then surface immobilized with monoclonal antibodies (anti-CYFRA-21-1) to fabricate an anti-CYFRA-21-1/L-Cyst@MNPs/Ti3C2-MXene/GSPE immunoelectrode and the non-specific locations of the immunoelectrode were covered with bovine serum albumin (BSA). The spectroscopic, morphological, and structural analyses of the synthesized nanohybrid and the fabricated electrodes were performed using different analytical techniques. The electrochemical studies of modified electrodes were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The fabricated BSA/anti-CYFRA-21-1/L-Cyst@MNPs/Ti3C2-MXene/GSPE immunosensor has shown an excellent limit of detection of 0.023 ng mL-1, a linear detection range of (0.5-30) ng mL-1, a sensitivity of 277.28 μA (ng mL-1)-1 cm-2 and a lower limit of quantification of 0.618 ng mL-1 for electrochemical CYFRA 21-1 determination. Hence, this L-Cyst@MNPs/Ti3C2-MXene nanohybrid could also be explored as a potential candidate for determining other cancer biomarkers.