当狭窄、气管软化、肿瘤、血管病变或气管损伤导致气管阻塞时，需要进行气管切除和重建手术。当创伤超过成人气管总长度的 50% 和儿童气管总长度的 30% 时，通常建议使用气管替代物进行更换。最近，组织工程和其他先进技术在制造具有与天然气管相似的物理、形态、生物力学和生物学特性的生物相容性气管替代品方面显示出了希望。探索了不同的聚合物和生物金属。即使组织工程移植物在临床环境中取得了有限的成功，由于移植物材料的机械强度和耐久性低、再上皮化和血管化不充分以及再狭窄，气管缺损的完全愈合仍然是一个巨大的挑战。这篇综述涵盖了一系列重建和再生技术、设计标准、使用生物假体和合成移植物来恢复气管缺陷，以及其制造的传统和前沿方法、用于增强免疫或功能的表面修饰。生物相容性和相关挑战。© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH。

Tracheal resection and reconstruction procedures are necessary when stenosis, tracheomalacia, tumors, vascular lesions, or tracheal injury cause a tracheal blockage. Replacement with a tracheal substitute is often recommended when the trauma exceeds 50% of the total length of the trachea in adults and 30% in children. Recently, tissue engineering and other advanced techniques have shown promise in fabricating biocompatible tracheal substitutes with physical, morphological, biomechanical, and biological characteristics similar to native trachea. Different polymers and biometals are explored. Even with limited success with tissue-engineered grafts in clinical settings, complete healing of tracheal defects remains a substantial challenge due to low mechanical strength and durability of the graft materials, inadequate re-epithelialization and vascularization, and restenosis. This review has covered a range of reconstructive and regenerative techniques, design criteria, the use of bioprostheses and synthetic grafts for the recovery of tracheal defects, as well as the traditional and cutting-edge methods of their fabrication, surface modification for increased immuno- or biocompatibility, and associated challenges.© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.