犬乳腺肿瘤 (CMT) 与人类乳腺癌 (HBC) 具有组织学、临床病理学和分子相似性，使其成为研究人类疾病的可行模型。 CMT 的启动和进展在具有免疫能力的动物中自发发生，这挑战了转基因小鼠所提出的局限性，也使得能够对犬类患者的免疫疗法进行评估。与人类相比，狗的预期寿命较短，并且该物种的癌症进展更快。这使得在比人类患者更短的时间内进行新治疗方法的临床疗效研究成为可能。肿瘤亚型、进展和治疗反应的生物标志物的鉴定为新型治疗和诊断方法的开发铺平了道路。本综述讨论了 CMT 和 HBC 之间的相似性以及迄今为止已探索的 CMT 样本中鉴定的分子特征。我们提出使用转录组学和蛋白质组学中最先进的方法对 CMT 基质进行详细的分子探索。使用 CMT 作为 HBC 的类比不仅有助于了解该疾病的复杂性，还能将比较肿瘤学提升到一个新的水平，以证明狗是有效的转化模型。© 2024 John Wiley

Canine mammary tumours (CMT) have histological, clinicopathological and molecular resemblances to human breast cancer (HBC), positioning them as viable models for studying the human disease. CMT initiation and progression occur spontaneously in immune-competent animals, which challenge the suggested limitations of genetically modified mice, also enabling the evaluation of immunotherapies in canine patients. Dogs have shorter life expectancy compared to humans, and cancer advances more rapidly in this species. This makes it possible to perform studies about the clinical efficacy of new therapeutic modalities in a much shorter time than in human patients. The identification of biomarkers for tumour subtypes, progression and treatment response paves the way for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. This review addresses the similarities between CMT and HBC and the molecular signatures identified in CMT samples that have been explored to date. We proposed a detailed molecular exploration of the CMT stroma using state-of-the-art methods in transcriptomics and proteomics. Using CMT as an analog for HBC not only helps to understand the complexities of the disease, but also to advance comparative oncology to the next level to prove the claim of dogs as a valid translational model.© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.