研究农业用土壤中通过生物炭和腐植酸处理的菠菜中的重金属离子致癌及非致癌健康危害

Investigating the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health hazards of heavy metal ions in Spinacia oleracea grown in agricultural soil treated with biochar and humic acid

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ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH

影响因子:3.8

分区:环境科学与生态学4区 / 水资源3区工程：环境4区环境科学4区公共卫生4区

发表日期:2024 Jul 16

作者: Farzad Moradi-Choghamarani, Farshid Ghorbani

DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02110-3

摘要

本研究针对在用腐植酸（189-2310 ppm）和生物炭（0.00-5.10% wt）处理的农业土壤中种植的菠菜（Spinacia oleracea）中的生物富集及人类健康风险进行了调查。所用生物炭来自两种本地原料：稻壳（RH）和甜菜渣（SBP），在300°C和600°C的热解条件下制备。土壤与生物质/生物炭中铜（Cu）、镉（Cd）和镍（Ni）的总浓度均超过全球安全阈值。菠菜叶中的重金属（HMs）生物富集水平各异，以铁（Fe）最高，达到765.27 mg/kg，而镉（Cd）最低，为3.31 mg/kg。总体来看，菠菜叶中的锌（Zn）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）和镍（Ni）浓度均超过安全阈值，建议不宜食用。重金属的危害商数（HI）评估显示，食用菠菜的潜在健康危害（HI>1）显著。生物炭施用率为4.35% wt和0.00% wt时，HI值分别最高（3.69）和最低（3.15）。累积致癌风险（TCR）范围为0.0085至0.0119，超过癌症风险阈值。加入5.10% wt的生物质/生物炭比对照组使TCR增加36%。在使用腐植酸配合重金属污染的生物炭时，生物富集的重金属水平升高，超过作物的允许阈值（在2000 ppm腐植酸中最高增长49%对比189 ppm），因此导致HI提升46%和TCR提升22%。本研究表明，重金属污染的生物炭可能带来额外的健康危害。此外，利用重金属污染的生物炭处理金属污染土壤无法有效稳定或减少污染。

Abstract

This study addressed the bioaccumulation and human health risk among the consumption of Spinacia oleracea grown in agricultural soil treated with humic acid (189-2310 ppm) and biochars (0.00-5.10%.wt). The biochars came from two local feedstocks of rice-husk (RH) and sugar-beet-pulp (SBP) pyrolyzed at temperatures 300 and 600 °C. Total concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Ni found in both the soil and biomass/biochar exceeded global safety thresholds. The bioaccumulation levels of HMs in spinach leaves varied, with Fe reaching the highest concentration at 765.27 mg kg-1 and Cd having the lowest concentration at 3.31 mg kg-1. Overall, the concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni in spinach leaves exceeded the safety threshold limits, so that its consumption is not recommended. The assessment of hazard quotient (HI) for the HMs indicated potential health hazards for humans (HI > 1) from consuming the edible parts of spinach. The biochar application rates of 4.35%wt and 0.00%.wt resulted in the highest (3.69) and lowest (3.15) HI values, respectively. The cumulative carcinogenic risk (TCR) ranged from 0.0085 to 0.0119, exceeding the cancer risk threshold. Introducing 5.10%wt biomass/biochar resulted in a 36% rise in TCR compared to the control. The utilization of humic acid alongside HMs-polluted biochars results in elevated levels of HMs bioaccumulation exceeding the allowable thresholds in crops (with a maximum increase of 49% at 2000 ppm humic acid in comparison to 189 ppm). Consequently, this raised the HI by 46% and the TCR by 22%. This study demonstrated that the utilization of HMs-polluted biochars could potentially pose supplementary health hazards. Moreover, it is evident that the utilization of HMs-polluted biochars in treating metal-contaminated soil does not effectively stabilize or reduce pollution.