本研究探讨了食用在经过腐植酸 (189-2310 ppm) 和生物炭 (0.00-5.10%.wt) 处理的农业土壤中种植的菠菜的生物累积和人类健康风险。生物炭来自稻壳 (RH) 和甜菜浆 (SBP) 两种当地原料，在 300 和 600 °C 的温度下热解。土壤和生物质/生物炭中发现的铜、镉和镍的总浓度超过了全球安全阈值。菠菜叶片中重金属的生物富集水平存在差异，其中铁含量最高，为 765.27 mg kg-1，镉含量最低，为 3.31 mg kg-1。总体而言，菠菜叶中Zn、Cd、Pb、Ni的含量均超过安全阈值，不建议食用。对 HM 的危害商 (HI) 评估表明，食用菠菜的可食用部分对人类存在潜在的健康危害 (HI > 1)。 4.35%wt 和 0.00%.wt 的生物炭施用率分别导致最高的 HI 值（3.69）和最低的 HI 值（3.15）。累积致癌风险（TCR）范围为0.0085至0.0119，超过癌症风险阈值。与对照相比，引入 5.10%wt 生物质/生物炭导致 TCR 上升 36%。将腐植酸与受 HMs 污染的生物炭一起使用会导致 HMs 生物累积水平升高，超过作物中允许的阈值（与 189 ppm 相比，2000 ppm 腐植酸最大增加 49%）。因此，HI 提高了 46%，TCR 提高了 22%。这项研究表明，使用受重金属污染的生物炭可能会造成额外的健康危害。此外，很明显，利用受重金属污染的生物炭处理金属污染的土壤并不能有效地稳定或减少污染。© 2024。作者，获得 Springer Nature B.V. 的独家许可。

This study addressed the bioaccumulation and human health risk among the consumption of Spinacia oleracea grown in agricultural soil treated with humic acid (189-2310 ppm) and biochars (0.00-5.10%.wt). The biochars came from two local feedstocks of rice-husk (RH) and sugar-beet-pulp (SBP) pyrolyzed at temperatures 300 and 600 °C. Total concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Ni found in both the soil and biomass/biochar exceeded global safety thresholds. The bioaccumulation levels of HMs in spinach leaves varied, with Fe reaching the highest concentration at 765.27 mg kg-1 and Cd having the lowest concentration at 3.31 mg kg-1. Overall, the concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni in spinach leaves exceeded the safety threshold limits, so that its consumption is not recommended. The assessment of hazard quotient (HI) for the HMs indicated potential health hazards for humans (HI > 1) from consuming the edible parts of spinach. The biochar application rates of 4.35%wt and 0.00%.wt resulted in the highest (3.69) and lowest (3.15) HI values, respectively. The cumulative carcinogenic risk (TCR) ranged from 0.0085 to 0.0119, exceeding the cancer risk threshold. Introducing 5.10%wt biomass/biochar resulted in a 36% rise in TCR compared to the control. The utilization of humic acid alongside HMs-polluted biochars results in elevated levels of HMs bioaccumulation exceeding the allowable thresholds in crops (with a maximum increase of 49% at 2000 ppm humic acid in comparison to 189 ppm). Consequently, this raised the HI by 46% and the TCR by 22%. This study demonstrated that the utilization of HMs-polluted biochars could potentially pose supplementary health hazards. Moreover, it is evident that the utilization of HMs-polluted biochars in treating metal-contaminated soil does not effectively stabilize or reduce pollution.© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.