PD1/PD-L1 抑制剂的出现显着改变了透明细胞肾细胞癌 (ccRCC) 的治疗前景。该综述深入分析了PD1和PD-L1在ccRCC中的生物学功能和调控机制，强调了它们在肿瘤免疫逃避中的作用。我们通过对近期临床试验数据的严格审查，全面评估 PD1/PD-L1 抑制剂（例如 Nivolumab 和 Pembrolizumab）的临床疗效和安全性。此外，我们讨论了这些疗法的耐药机制带来的挑战以及克服这些挑战的潜在策略。我们还探索联合疗法的协同潜力，将 PD1/PD-L1 抑制剂与其他免疫疗法、靶向疗法以及化疗和放疗等常规疗法相结合。此外，我们还研究了对 PD1/PD-L1 阻断反应的新兴预测生物标志物和指示耐药性的生物标志物，为个性化治疗方法奠定了基础。最后，我们概述了未来的研究方向，强调了对新颖治疗策略、更深入的机制见解以及开发个体化治疗方案的需求。我们的工作总结了该领域的最新知识和进展，旨在为提高临床疗效和指导未来PD1/PD-L1抑制剂在ccRCC中的应用研究提供有价值的参考。© 2024。作者。

The advent of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors has significantly transformed the therapeutic landscape for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). This review provides an in-depth analysis of the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of PD1 and PD-L1 in ccRCC, emphasizing their role in tumor immune evasion. We comprehensively evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety profiles of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors, such as Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab, through a critical examination of recent clinical trial data. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges posed by resistance mechanisms to these therapies and potential strategies to overcome them. We also explores the synergistic potential of combination therapies, integrating PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors with other immunotherapies, targeted therapies, and conventional modalities such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In addition, we examine emerging predictive biomarkers for response to PD1/PD-L1 blockade and biomarkers indicative of resistance, providing a foundation for personalized therapeutic approaches. Finally, we outline future research directions, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies, deeper mechanistic insights, and the development of individualized treatment regimens. Our work summarizes the latest knowledge and progress in this field, aiming to provide a valuable reference for improving clinical efficacy and guiding future research on the application of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors in ccRCC.© 2024. The Author(s).