人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 是最常见的性传播感染，在鳞状上皮中增殖，也是病毒相关肿瘤的最常见来源。低危亚型（HPV-6 和 -11）会引起呼吸道乳头状瘤（喉、气管和支气管）以及阴茎、肛门和会阴区域的尖锐湿疣（肛门生殖器疣）。高危亚型（HPV-16、-18、-31 和 -33）导致口咽鳞状细胞癌 (SCC)，累及舌根、扁桃体、咽后壁、喉部以及肛门生殖器区域的恶性肿瘤。子宫颈癌、阴道癌、外阴癌、阴茎癌和肛管癌）。最近的研究越来越多地显示出与 HPV 相关的口咽癌相关的良好治疗反应和总体预后的显着差异。鉴于这一事实，口咽癌、宫颈癌和阴茎鳞状细胞癌在目前的世界卫生组织分类中被分为 HPV 相关癌症和 HPV 独立癌症。影像学对于 HPV 相关癌症的早期检测、诊断和分期至关重要。影像学还有助于评估治疗反应和术后并发症，并用于长期监测。 HPV 相关口咽 SCC 在影像学上具有明确的边界以及实性和囊性淋巴结转移。目前已有更新的筛查和疫苗接种指南，它们具有减少总体疾病负担并帮助控制这一全球公共卫生问题的巨大潜力。正在探索新的治疗策略，例如免疫疗法，并且正在研究可以预测治疗反应和预后的成像生物标志物；放射科医生在这些努力中发挥着关键作用。 ©RSNA，2024 本文提供了补充材料。

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection that proliferates in the squamous epithelium and is the most common source of viral-related neoplasms. Low-risk subtypes (HPV-6 and -11) cause respiratory papillomas (laryngeal, tracheal, and bronchial) and condyloma acuminata of the penis, anus, and perineal region (anogenital warts). High-risk subtypes (HPV-16, -18, -31, and -33) are responsible for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that involves the tongue base, tonsils, posterior pharyngeal wall, and larynx and malignancies of the anogenital region (cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, and anal canal). Recent studies have increasingly shown a favorable treatment response and substantial differences in the overall prognosis associated with HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers. Given this fact, oropharyngeal, cervical, and penile SCCs are classified as HPV-associated and HPV-independent cancers in the current World Health Organization classification. Imaging is essential in the early detection, diagnosis, and staging of HPV-associated cancers. Imaging also helps assess treatment response and postoperative complications and is used for long-term surveillance. HPV-associated oropharyngeal SCCs have well-defined borders and solid and cystic nodal metastases at imaging. Updated screening and vaccination guidelines are currently available that have great potential to decrease the overall disease burden and help control this worldwide public health concern. Novel therapeutic strategies, such as immunotherapies, are being explored, and imaging biomarkers that can predict treatment response and prognosis are being investigated; radiologists play a pivotal role in these efforts. ©RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article.