免疫疗法的最新进展证实了基于 T 细胞的方法治疗复发性和难治性癌症的治疗潜力。然而，治疗效果部分由于癌症逃避免疫监视和适应免疫压力的能力而受到限制。在这篇综述中，我们简要概述了癌症介导的免疫抑制机制，特别关注 T 细胞的监视和效应功能的抑制。我们讨论了 CD8 T 细胞耗竭和功能异质性，并描述了针对限制 T 细胞分化和效应器功能的分子检查点以增强免疫治疗效果的策略。我们还描述了肿瘤微环境对 T 细胞代谢的新贡献，并最后强调了开发未来细胞疗法的基于发现的方法。对 T 细胞生物学和工程的持续探索为推进癌症治疗干预带来了巨大希望。© 2024。Springer Nature America, Inc.

Recent advances in immunotherapy have affirmed the curative potential of T cell-based approaches for treating relapsed and refractory cancers. However, the therapeutic efficacy is limited in part owing to the ability of cancers to evade immunosurveillance and adapt to immunological pressure. In this Review, we provide a brief overview of cancer-mediated immunosuppressive mechanisms with a specific focus on the repression of the surveillance and effector function of T cells. We discuss CD8+ T cell exhaustion and functional heterogeneity and describe strategies for targeting the molecular checkpoints that restrict T cell differentiation and effector function to bolster immunotherapeutic effects. We also delineate the emerging contributions of the tumor microenvironment to T cell metabolism and conclude by highlighting discovery-based approaches for developing future cellular therapies. Continued exploration of T cell biology and engineering hold great promise for advancing therapeutic interventions for cancer.© 2024. Springer Nature America, Inc.