膀胱尿路上皮癌 (UBC) 是膀胱癌最常见的组织学形式，占膀胱癌病例的 90%。了解 UBC 的危险因素对于避免它们并减少治疗后的复发非常重要。本综述的目的是概述与 UBC 发病相关的危险因素。在 PubMed、Google Scholar 和 Medline 等数据库中以“膀胱癌”等潜在关键词进行了 2012 年至 2024 年的全面文献检索、“膀胱尿路上皮癌”、“全球膀胱尿路上皮癌的发病率”、“膀胱癌的死亡率”、“按性别划分的发病率”、“膀胱癌的治疗”和“膀胱癌的危险因素”。吸烟被认为是 UBC 的主要危险因素。烟草制品产生的烟雾含有多环芳烃 (PAH) 和 4-氨基联苯等芳香胺，已知这些物质会导致 UBC。与吸烟相关的膀胱癌死亡率仅次于与吸烟相关的肺癌死亡率。对于非吸烟者来说，污染成为与 UBC 相关的主要风险因素。多环芳烃 (PAH) 与许多癌症有关，尤其是 UBC。室内和室外污染会产生VOC（挥发性有机化合物）和PAH。 < 2.5 的小颗粒物质与 UBC 和肺癌有关。饮用氯化水与 UBC 相关。此外，在产生三卤甲烷的氯化池中游泳会增加患多种癌症的风险，尤其是膀胱癌。职业接触致癌物，特别是芳香胺，是 UBC 的一个重要危险因素。据估计，大约 20% 的 UBC 可能与此类暴露有关，主要是在处理染料、油漆、石油化学品和金属的工业环境中。其他风险因素包括遗传、饮食和医疗状况。酒精、加工肉类和全脂牛奶的摄入以及硒和维生素 A 和 E 的摄入量较高也有助于 UBC 的发展。此外，化疗药物、口服降糖药物和放射治疗与UBC呈正相关。必须强调UBC初始预防的重要性，特别是应鼓励和支持戒烟计划。然而，吸烟并不是 UBC 的唯一危险因素。对于非吸烟者，应调查其他危险因素。空气和水污染与 UBC 有关。室内外污染应加强控制。应告知患者和人们饮用氯化水和在氯化池中游泳的风险。

Urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC) is the most frequent histologic form of bladder cancer, constituting 90% of the cases. It is important to know the risk factors of UBC to avoid them and to decrease its recurrence after treatment. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the risk factors associated with UBC incidence.A comprehensive literature search from 2012 to 2024 was carried out in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline with potential keywords such as "bladder cancer", "urothelial bladder cancer", "incidence of urothelial bladder cancer worldwide", "mortality rate of bladder cancer", "incidence according to gender", "treatment for bladder cancer", and "risk factors of bladder cancer". Smoking tobacco was comprehended to be the major risk factor for UBC. Smoke from tobacco products contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aromatic amines such as 4-aminobiphenyl, which are known to cause UBC. Smoking-related bladder cancer mortality ranks just second to smoking-related lung cancer mortality. For non-smokers, pollution became a major risk factor associated with UBC. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are linked to many cancers, especially to UBC. Indoor and outdoor pollution generates VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and PAHs. Small-particle matter < 2.5 is linked to UBC and lung cancers. Drinking chlorinated water is linked to UBC. Also, swimming in chlorinated pools that produce trihalomethanes increases the risk of many cancers, and especially of bladder cancer. Occupational exposure to carcinogens, specifically aromatic amines, is a significant UBC risk factor. It has been estimated that approximately 20% of all UBCs may be linked to this type of exposure, primarily in industrial settings that treat dye, paint, petroleum chemicals, and metal. The other risk factors included genetics, diet, and medical conditions. Alcohol, consumption of processed meat and whole milk, and higher intakes of selenium and vitamins A and E also contribute to the development of UBC. Further, chemotherapeutic agents, oral hypoglycemic drugs, and radiation therapy are positively associated with UBC.The significance of the initial prevention of UBC must be emphasized, and especially programs for quitting cigarettes should be encouraged and supported. However, smoking is not the only risk factor for UBC. For non-smokers, other risk factors should be investigated. Air and water pollution are linked to UBC. Indoor and outdoor pollution should be more controlled. Patients and people should be informed of the risk of drinking chlorinated water and swimming in chlorinated pools.