肺癌仍然是全世界癌症相关死亡的主要原因，主要是由于诊断较晚和存在转移。世界上多个国家已在全国范围内采用基于 LDCT 的肺癌筛查，这将使患者受益，将诊断阶段转变为早期阶段，提供更多的治疗选择。生物标志物可以帮助优化筛查过程，并细化肺癌患者的 TNM 分层，提供有关预后的信息并推荐管理策略。此外，新的辅助策略显然将受益于先前对特定早期手术切除肿瘤的潜在侵袭性和生物学特性的了解。本综述重点关注蛋白质作为肺癌筛查中有前景的生物标志物。尽管付出了巨大的努力，但肺癌生物标志物仍然没有成功的例子到达临床用于早期发现和早期管理。因此，早期肺癌的生物标志物领域仍然是一个明显未满足的需求。本次综述的一个更具体的目标是对蛋白质生物标志物在早期肺癌检测和管理中的潜在用途提出最新的技术评估。我们概述了基于蛋白质的生物标志物开发过程中的好处、挑战、陷阱和限制。此外，我们还研究了许多新兴蛋白质分析技术如何有助于优化用于肺癌筛查和有效管理的新型稳健生物标志物。版权所有 © 2024 作者。由 Elsevier España 出版，S.L.U.版权所有。

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, mainly due to late diagnosis and the presence of metastases. Several countries around the world have adopted nation-wide LDCT-based lung cancer screening that will benefit patients, shifting the stage at diagnosis to earlier stages with more therapeutic options. Biomarkers can help to optimize the screening process, as well as refine the TNM stratification of lung cancer patients, providing information regarding prognostics and recommending management strategies. Moreover, novel adjuvant strategies will clearly benefit from previous knowledge of the potential aggressiveness and biological traits of a given early-stage surgically resected tumor. This review focuses on proteins as promising biomarkers in the context of lung cancer screening. Despite great efforts, there are still no successful examples of biomarkers in lung cancer that have reached the clinics to be used in early detection and early management. Thus, the field of biomarkers in early lung cancer remains an evident unmet need. A more specific objective of this review is to present an up-to-date technical assessment of the potential use of protein biomarkers in early lung cancer detection and management. We provide an overview regarding the benefits, challenges, pitfalls and constraints in the development process of protein-based biomarkers. Additionally, we examine how a number of emerging protein analytical technologies may contribute to the optimization of novel robust biomarkers for screening and effective management of lung cancer.Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.