转移仍然是癌症的关键特征，也是癌症相关死亡率的主要原因。尽管具有重要意义，但控制转移的机制尚未完全阐明。癌症生物学领域的当代研究结果揭示了这一复杂过程的分子方面。正在侵袭的肿瘤细胞在到达目的地的途中与其他细胞实体和蛋白质结合。对这些参与的深入了解增强了我们对指导转移细胞运动和适应性的原理的理解。肿瘤微环境使肿瘤细胞能够穿过基质屏障，在促进癌细胞侵袭和增殖方面发挥着关键作用。这些属性受到肿瘤细胞及其周围环境中发生的遗传和表观遗传变化的影响。对转移过程的生物学机制的深刻理解对于设计有效的治疗策略是必不可少的。这篇综述深入探讨了有关转移相关基因、重要信号通路、肿瘤微环境、代谢过程、外周免疫以及机械力和癌症转移的最新进展。此外，我们结合最新进展，特别强调开发有效干预措施的前景，包括最流行的癌症免疫疗法和纳米技术来对抗转移。我们还发现了当前肿瘤转移研究的局限性，包括耐药性、动物模型受限、生物标志物和早期检测方法不足以及异质性等。预计这项全面的综述将极大地促进癌症转移研究的进步。© 2024。作者。

Metastasis remains a pivotal characteristic of cancer and is the primary contributor to cancer-associated mortality. Despite its significance, the mechanisms governing metastasis are not fully elucidated. Contemporary findings in the domain of cancer biology have shed light on the molecular aspects of this intricate process. Tumor cells undergoing invasion engage with other cellular entities and proteins en route to their destination. Insights into these engagements have enhanced our comprehension of the principles directing the movement and adaptability of metastatic cells. The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in facilitating the invasion and proliferation of cancer cells by enabling tumor cells to navigate through stromal barriers. Such attributes are influenced by genetic and epigenetic changes occurring in the tumor cells and their surrounding milieu. A profound understanding of the metastatic process's biological mechanisms is indispensable for devising efficacious therapeutic strategies. This review delves into recent developments concerning metastasis-associated genes, important signaling pathways, tumor microenvironment, metabolic processes, peripheral immunity, and mechanical forces and cancer metastasis. In addition, we combine recent advances with a particular emphasis on the prospect of developing effective interventions including the most popular cancer immunotherapies and nanotechnology to combat metastasis. We have also identified the limitations of current research on tumor metastasis, encompassing drug resistance, restricted animal models, inadequate biomarkers and early detection methods, as well as heterogeneity among others. It is anticipated that this comprehensive review will significantly contribute to the advancement of cancer metastasis research.© 2024. The Author(s).