越来越多的证据表明，人类活动导致人类和野生动物的癌症发病率上升。这是由于祖先的抗癌防御能力无法应对现代环境风险。现代致癌风险与进化的癌症防御之间的进化不匹配对不同时间段的各个生物学方面产生了深远的影响，需要对受影响物种的生物学和进化生态学进行全面研究。首先，抗癌防御的激活增加会导致能量消耗过多，影响其他生物功能，并可能导致自身免疫性疾病等健康问题。其次，肿瘤发生本身会影响重要的适应性相关参数，例如竞争力、捕食者逃避、对寄生虫的抵抗力和扩散能力。第三，不断上升的癌症风险可能会影响物种的生活史特征，通常有利于早期繁殖，以抵消与癌症相关的健康成本。然而，这种策略有其局限性，如果癌症风险持续上升，它可能无法确保物种的可持续性。最后，一些物种可能会进化出额外的抗癌防御能力，这对其生物学和未来的进化路径产生不确定的后果。总之，我们认为增加接触致癌物质对野生动物的影响是复杂的，从立即反应到长期进化变化。迫切需要了解这些过程，尤其是在保护生物学的背景下。© 2024 作者。约翰·威利出版的《进化应用》

Growing evidence indicates that human activities are causing cancer rates to rise in both human and wildlife populations. This is due to the inability of ancestral anti-cancer defences to cope with modern environmental risks. The evolutionary mismatch between modern oncogenic risks and evolved cancer defences has far-reaching effects on various biological aspects at different timeframes, demanding a comprehensive study of the biology and evolutionary ecology of the affected species. Firstly, the increased activation of anti-cancer defences leads to excessive energy expenditure, affecting other biological functions and potentially causing health issues like autoimmune diseases. Secondly, tumorigenesis itself can impact important fitness-related parameters such as competitiveness, predator evasion, resistance to parasites, and dispersal capacity. Thirdly, rising cancer risks can influence the species' life-history traits, often favoring early reproduction to offset fitness costs associated with cancer. However, this strategy has its limits, and it may not ensure the sustainability of the species if cancer risks continue to rise. Lastly, some species may evolve additional anti-cancer defences, with uncertain consequences for their biology and future evolutionary path. In summary, we argue that the effects of increased exposure to cancer-causing substances on wildlife are complex, ranging from immediate responses to long-term evolutionary changes. Understanding these processes, especially in the context of conservation biology, is urgently needed.© 2024 The Author(s). Evolutionary Applications published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.