目前，治疗非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的常规免疫疗法反应率较低，仅使少数患者受益，特别是晚期患者，因此迫切需要新的治疗策略。治疗性癌症疫苗是主动免疫疗法的一种形式，可通过抗原交叉呈递激活针对肿瘤细胞的适应性免疫系统。癌症疫苗可以建立持久的免疫记忆并防止复发。疫苗诱导的肿瘤细胞死亡促进抗原表位扩散，激活功能性 T 细胞，从而维持癌症免疫循环。针对严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 的疫苗的成功使癌症疫苗成为一种有前景的途径，特别是与非小细胞肺癌的免疫疗法或放化疗结合使用时。本文深入探讨了治疗性癌症疫苗背后复杂的抗肿瘤免疫机制，列举了非小细胞肺癌的肿瘤抗原谱，讨论了不同癌症疫苗的进展并总结了相关的临床试验。此外，我们还分析了癌症疫苗在 NSCLC 治疗中的联合策略、目前的局限性和未来前景，旨在为其治疗 NSCLC 的临床应用提供新的见解。总体而言，癌症疫苗为非小细胞肺癌的治疗提供了广阔的前景，特别是与放化疗或免疫疗法相结合可以进一步提高晚期患者的生存率。探索吸入疫苗或预防性疫苗是一条重要的研究途径。© 2024 UICC。

Currently, conventional immunotherapies for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have low response rates and benefit only a minority of patients, particularly those with advanced disease, so novel therapeutic strategies are urgent deeded. Therapeutic cancer vaccines, a form of active immunotherapy, harness potential to activate the adaptive immune system against tumor cells via antigen cross-presentation. Cancer vaccines can establish enduring immune memory and guard against recurrences. Vaccine-induced tumor cell death prompts antigen epitope spreading, activating functional T cells and thereby sustaining a cancer-immunity cycle. The success of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rendered cancer vaccines a promising avenue, especially when combined with immunotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for NSCLC. This review delves into the intricate antitumor immune mechanisms underlying therapeutic cancer vaccines, enumerates the tumor antigen spectrum of NSCLC, discusses different cancer vaccines progress and summarizes relevant clinical trials. Additionally, we analyze the combination strategies, current limitations, and future prospects of cancer vaccines in NSCLC treatment, aiming to offer fresh insights for their clinical application in managing NSCLC. Overall, cancer vaccines offer promising potential for NSCLC treatment, particularly combining with chemoradiotherapy or immunotherapy could further improve survival in advanced patients. Exploring inhaled vaccines or prophylactic vaccines represents a crucial research avenue.© 2024 UICC.