人类疾病的起源在于我们的进化历史。进化的总体趋势是形态复杂性增加，部分原因是通过 microRNA (miRNA) 创新扩大了基因调控能力。许多人类疾病与这些 miRNA 的进化作用直接相关，基于 miRNA 的疗法正在成为精准医学的一种有吸引力的策略。我们重点关注三类人类疾病——癌症、炎症相关疾病和神经系统疾病——这些疾病非常普遍，并与全世界的巨大疾病负担相关。在每个类别中，我们讨论 miRNA 在其进化功能背景下的致病作用，以及针对这些 miRNA 进行疾病治疗的当前和潜在进展。版权所有 © 2024 作者。由爱思唯尔有限公司出版。保留所有权利。

The genesis of human disease lies in our evolutionary past. Evolution has featured a general trend towards increased morphological complexity, partly conferred by expansion in gene regulatory capacity via microRNA (miRNA) innovation. Many human diseases are directly related to the evolved roles of these miRNAs, and miRNA-based therapies are emerging as an appealing strategy for precision medicine. We focus on three categories of human disease - cancer, inflammation-linked pathologies, and neurological disorders - which are highly prevalent and are associated with substantial disease burden worldwide. In each category we discuss the pathogenic roles of miRNAs in the context of their evolved functions, as well as current and potential advances in targeting these miRNAs for disease therapy.Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.