免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）预示着免疫治疗的新时代，代表着癌症治疗的关键突破。它们的影响是深远的，ICIs 是当今最常用的抗癌疗法之一。值得注意的是，即使在治疗停止后，它们也能诱导长期缓解，这为实现持久治愈提供了真正的希望。然而，尽管取得了这些进步，肿瘤学领域仍然存在挑战，包括耐药现象、免疫相关不良事件和次优反应率。为了应对这些挑战，联合治疗成为一种有前途的方法，有望提高治疗效果并解决单药 ICI 治疗固有的局限性。通过协同靶向多种途径，联合疗法有可能增强治疗效果，同时减轻毒性并阻止耐药机制的出现。了解耐药性发展和不良事件背后的复杂性对于设计新颖且精致的组合策略至关重要。图 1 显示了 FDA 批准 ICI 组合的时间表。本次审查旨在提供不同组合治疗策略的全面且最新的示例，这些策略可用于克服 ICI 治疗的各种挑战。通过探索创新的治疗组合，我们的目标是为临床医生和研究人员提供可操作的知识，以优化患者的治疗结果并推动免疫肿瘤学领域的发展。©作者。

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have heralded a new era in immunotherapy, representing a pivotal breakthrough in cancer treatment. Their impact is profound, with ICIs standing as some of the most prescribed anticancer therapies today. Notably, their ability to induce long-term remission even after treatment cessation provides genuine hope for achieving durable cures. However, despite these strides, challenges persist in the landscape of oncology, including resistance phenomena, immune-related adverse events, and suboptimal response rates. In response to these challenges, combination therapy emerges as a promising approach, poised to enhance treatment outcomes and address limitations inherent to single-agent ICI therapy. By synergistically targeting multiple pathways, combination therapy holds the potential to augment therapeutic efficacy while mitigating toxicity and impeding the emergence of resistance mechanisms. Understanding the intricacies underlying resistance development and adverse events is paramount in devising novel and refined combination strategies. A timeline showing FDA approvals of ICIs combination is shown in Figure 1. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date examples of different combined therapy strategies that can be used to overcome various challenges regarding ICI treatment. Through the exploration of innovative therapeutic combinations, we aim to provide clinicians and researchers with actionable knowledge to optimize patient outcomes and propel the field of immuno-oncology forward.© The author(s).