胰腺导管腺癌（PDAC）由于诊断较晚、治疗反应差和高度异质的微环境而成为最顽固的癌症之一。纳米技术有潜力克服一些挑战，改善诊断和肿瘤特异性药物输送，但它们在临床环境中尚不可行。该综述的重点是增强胰腺肿瘤对纳米颗粒的特异性摄取的主动靶向策略。此外，本综述强调使用主动靶向脂质体、胶束、金纳米颗粒、二氧化硅纳米颗粒和氧化铁纳米颗粒来改善胰腺肿瘤靶向。已经提出使用肽、抗体、小分子、多糖和激素将纳米粒子主动靶向差异表达受体或 PDAC 肿瘤微环境 (TME)。我们专注于 PDAC 基于微环境的特征以及主动靶向纳米颗粒克服 PDAC 挑战的潜力。它描述了使用纳米粒子作为造影剂来改善诊断和针对 PDAC TME 内各个方面的化疗药物的输送。此外，我们回顾了使用基于成像的技术检测到的新兴纳米造影剂以及纳米粒子在基于能量的 PDAC 治疗中的作用。本文分类如下：植入材料和手术技术 > 手术治疗方法和药物发现中的纳米工具和技术 > 用于肿瘤疾病诊断工具的纳米医学 > 体内纳米诊断和成像。© 2024 Wiley periodicals LLC。

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most recalcitrant cancers due to its late diagnosis, poor therapeutic response, and highly heterogeneous microenvironment. Nanotechnology has the potential to overcome some of the challenges to improve diagnostics and tumor-specific drug delivery but they have not been plausibly viable in clinical settings. The review focuses on active targeting strategies to enhance pancreatic tumor-specific uptake for nanoparticles. Additionally, this review highlights using actively targeted liposomes, micelles, gold nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, and iron oxide nanoparticles to improve pancreatic tumor targeting. Active targeting of nanoparticles toward either differentially expressed receptors or PDAC tumor microenvironment (TME) using peptides, antibodies, small molecules, polysaccharides, and hormones has been presented. We focus on microenvironment-based hallmarks of PDAC and the potential for actively targeted nanoparticles to overcome the challenges presented in PDAC. It describes the use of nanoparticles as contrast agents for improved diagnosis and the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents that target various aspects within the TME of PDAC. Additionally, we review emerging nano-contrast agents detected using imaging-based technologies and the role of nanoparticles in energy-based treatments of PDAC. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanoscale Tools and Techniques in Surgery Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.