细胞外囊泡 (EV)，例如胞外体和外泌体，含有 DNA、RNA、蛋白质，并包裹在磷脂双层中。 EV 提供腔内货物，输送到受体细胞的细胞质中，对免疫细胞的功能产生影响，部分原因是它们的生物发生也可以与抗原加工和呈递相交叉。来自激活的免疫细胞的运动EV可能以邻近无关的方式增加受体细胞上免疫突触的频率，以局部和远距离调节炎症、自身免疫、器官纤维化、癌症和感染中的全身免疫。天然和工程电动汽车表现出影响先天性和适应性免疫的能力，并且正在进入临床试验。 EV 可能是功能最佳的免疫系统的组成部分，具有作为免疫治疗药物的潜力。考虑到不断发展的证据，电动汽车可能是第一个细胞诞生之前的原始有机单位。版权所有 © 2024 Elsevier Inc. 保留所有权利。

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as ectosomes and exosomes, contain DNA, RNA, proteins and are encased in a phospholipid bilayer. EVs provide intralumenal cargo for delivery into the cytoplasm of recipient cells with an impact on the function of immune cells, in part because their biogenesis can also intersect with antigen processing and presentation. Motile EVs from activated immune cells may increase the frequency of immune synapses on recipient cells in a proximity-independent manner for local and long-distance modulation of systemic immunity in inflammation, autoimmunity, organ fibrosis, cancer, and infections. Natural and engineered EVs exhibit the ability to impact innate and adaptive immunity and are entering clinical trials. EVs are likely a component of an optimally functioning immune system, with the potential to serve as immunotherapeutics. Considering the evolving evidence, it is possible that EVs could be the original primordial organic units that preceded the creation of the first cell.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.