超极化是一种能够显着增强核磁共振（NMR）和磁共振成像（MRI）灵敏度的技术。在各种超极化方法中，动态核极化（DNP）因其在实时监测代谢和生理学方面的功效而受到关注。通过溶解 DNP (dDNP) 施用超极化底物，可以在时空上可视化 DNP 剂的生物分布和代谢变化。这种方法被证明是一种独特且宝贵的工具，用于非侵入性研究体内细胞代谢，特别是在动物模型中。生物标志物与肿瘤细胞密切相互作用，在影响肿瘤细胞的生长和转移方面发挥着关键作用，因此检测这些生物标志物的病理改变对于疾病的诊断和治疗至关重要。近年来，开发了一系列利用各种原子核（如 13C、15N、31P、89Y 等）的超极化 DNP 分子生物响应剂。在这种背景下，我们探讨了 DNP 增强的核自旋磁共振信号如何响应生物标志物，包括 pH、金属离子、酶或氧化还原过程。本综述旨在深入了解响应性 DNP 药物的设计原理、靶点选择和成像作用机制。这些讨论旨在推动基于 DNP 的生物医学显像剂的未来开发和应用。© 作者 2024。由牛津大学出版社代表中国科学出版社出版

Hyperpolarization stands out as a technique capable of significantly enhancing the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), among various hyperpolarization methods, has gained prominence for its efficacy in real-time monitoring of metabolism and physiology. By administering a hyperpolarized substrate through dissolution DNP (dDNP), the biodistribution and metabolic changes of the DNP agent can be visualized spatiotemporally. This approach proves to be a distinctive and invaluable tool for non-invasively studying cellular metabolism in vivo, particularly in animal models. Biomarkers play a pivotal role in influencing the growth and metastasis of tumor cells by closely interacting with them, and accordingly detecting pathological alterations of these biomarkers is crucial for disease diagnosis and therapy. In recent years, a range of hyperpolarized DNP molecular bioresponsive agents utilizing various nuclei, such as 13C, 15N, 31P, 89Y, etc., have been developed. In this context, we explore how these magnetic resonance signals of nuclear spins enhanced by DNP respond to biomarkers, including pH, metal ions, enzymes, or redox processes. This review aims to offer insights into the design principles of responsive DNP agents, target selection, and the mechanisms of action for imaging. Such discussions aim to propel the future development and application of DNP-based biomedical imaging agents.© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.