血清和胸水肿瘤标志物是公认的恶性胸腔积液（MPE）辅助诊断工具。在这里，我们讨论有关肿瘤标志物在 MPE 管理中的作用的一些要点和陷阱。本文讨论以下问题： 评估胸膜肿瘤标志物的适当临床情况是什么？应提倡使用哪些肿瘤标志物来诊断 MPE？是否可以采用极高水平的肿瘤标志物来诊断 MPE？肿瘤标志物的血清与胸水比率是否与单​​独测量胸水中的该标志物具有相同的诊断功效？肿瘤标志物可以用来估计特定癌症的风险吗？在解释肿瘤标志物的诊断准确性时应考虑什么？肿瘤标志物研究应该如何进行？我们通过已发表的作品解决了这些问题，特别是系统评价和荟萃分析。© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH，柏林/波士顿。

Serum and pleural fluid tumor markers are well-recognized auxiliary diagnostic tools for malignant pleural effusion (MPE). Here, we discuss some pearls and pitfalls regarding the role of tumor markers in MPE management. The following issues are discussed in this article: What is the appropriate clinical scenario for evaluating pleural tumor markers? Which tumor markers should be advocated for diagnosing MPE? Can extremely high levels of tumor markers be employed to establish a diagnosis of MPE? Does the serum-to-pleural fluid ratio of a tumor marker have the same diagnostic efficacy as the measurement of that marker alone in the pleural fluid? Can tumor markers be used to estimate the risk of specific cancers? What should be considered when interpreting the diagnostic accuracy of tumor markers? How should tumor marker studies be performed? We addressed these issues with published works, particularly systematic reviews and meta-analyses.© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.