人类多能干细胞 (hPSC) 衍生的心脏类器官是最新的三维组织结构，可模仿人类心脏的结构和功能，在模拟心脏发育和疾病方面发挥着关键作用。 hPSC 衍生的心脏类器官通常以明场显微成像为特征，用于跟踪日常类器官分化和形态形成。尽管明场显微镜提供了有关 hPSC 衍生的心脏类器官的基本信息，例如形态、大小和一般结构，但它并没有扩展我们对心脏类器官细胞类型特异性分布和结构的理解。然后，需要荧光显微成像，通过荧光免疫染色固定类器官样本或活类器官荧光报告成像来识别 hPSC 衍生的心脏类器官中的特定心血管细胞类型。这两种方法都需要额外的实验和技术步骤，并且不能提供来自不同批次的分化和表征的 hPSC 衍生的心脏类器官的一般信息，这限制了 hPSC 衍生的心脏类器官的生物医学应用。本研究提出了一种综合工作流程，使用条件生成对抗网络 (GAN) 对明场显微成像中心脏类器官的相衬图像进行着色，从而解决了这一局限性，从而提供 hPSC 衍生的心脏类器官中心血管细胞类型特异性信息。通过将这些相差图像与准确的荧光着色相结合，我们的方法旨在解锁细胞类型、结构的隐藏财富，并进一步量化荧光强度和面积，以便更好地表征 hPSC 衍生的心脏类器官。

Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiac organoid is the most recent three-dimensional tissue structure that mimics the structure and functionality of the human heart and plays a pivotal role in modeling heart development and disease. The hPSC-derived cardiac organoids are commonly characterized by bright-field microscopic imaging for tracking daily organoid differentiation and morphology formation. Although the brightfield microscope provides essential information about hPSC- derived cardiac organoids, such as morphology, size, and general structure, it does not extend our understanding of cardiac organoids on cell type-specific distribution and structure. Then, fluorescence microscopic imaging is required to identify the specific cardiovascular cell types in the hPSC-derived cardiac organoids by fluorescence immunostaining fixed organoid samples or fluorescence reporter imaging of live organoids. Both approaches require extra steps of experiments and techniques and do not provide general information on hPSC-derived cardiac organoids from different batches of differentiation and characterization, which limits the biomedical applications of hPSC-derived cardiac organoids. This research addresses this limitation by proposing a comprehensive workflow for colorizing phase contrast images of cardiac organoids from brightfield microscopic imaging using conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to provide cardiovascular cell type-specific information in hPSC-derived cardiac organoids. By infusing these phase contrast images with accurate fluorescence colorization, our approach aims to unlock the hidden wealth of cell type, structure, and further quantifications of fluorescence intensity and area, for better characterizing hPSC-derived cardiac organoids.