由于基因组突变或表观遗传变化，群体内的癌细胞是异质的。对癌症的免疫反应，尤其是癌症微环境中的 T 细胞库，对于癌细胞的控制和生长非常重要。当癌症克隆突破免疫系统的监视时，它就赢得了战胜宿主免疫系统的战斗。在这篇综述中，强调了癌症微环境的复杂特征。最近已经建立了针对癌症的免疫反应的分子证据。基于免疫与癌症相互作用的这些分子机制，针对 CTLA-4 和/或 PD-1 与 PD-L1 的检查点抑制疗法的临床试验已成功治疗黑色素瘤、肺癌和其他类型的癌症。描述了 T 细胞库的多样性，并且癌症内的肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞可以离体扩增并输回患者体内，作为过继免疫疗法的治疗方式。© 2024。作者。

Cancer cells within a population are heterogeneous due to genomic mutations or epigenetic changes. The immune response to cancer especially the T cell repertoire within the cancer microenvionment is important to the control and growth of cancer cells. When a cancer clone breaks through the surveillance of the immune system, it wins the battle to overcome the host's immune system. In this review, the complicated profile of the cancer microenvironment is emphasized. The molecular evidence of immune responses to cancer has been recently established. Based on these molecular mechanisms of immune interactions with cancer, clinical trials based on checkpoint inhibition therapy against CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 versus PD-L1 have been successful in the treatment of melanoma, lung cancer and other types of cancer. The diversity of the T cell repertoire is described and the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes within the cancer may be expanded ex vivo and infused back to the patient as a treatment modality for adoptive immunotherapy.© 2024. The Author(s).