黄芪广泛应用于中药中，具有多种药理作用，包括免疫刺激、抗氧化、保肝、利尿、抗糖尿病、抗癌和祛痰等特性。其主要生物活性成分包括黄酮类、三萜皂苷、多糖等。黄芪多糖（APS）是其主要生物活性成分之一，已被证明具有多种药理活性，如抗氧化、免疫调节、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗糖尿病、抗病毒、保肝、抗动脉粥样硬化、造血和神经保护等。影响。该综述全面总结了APS治疗神经退行性疾病的分子机制和治疗效果，包括阿尔茨海默病（AD）、帕金森病（PD）和多发性硬化症（MS）。它讨论了 APS 如何通过调节 Nrf2、JAK/STAT、Toll 和 IMD 等多种途径来改善胰岛素抵抗、降低血糖水平、增强认知功能、减少 Aβ 积累和神经元凋亡。对于 PD，APS 通过抑制 ROS 产生并通过 PI3K/AKT/mTOR 通路促进自噬来保护神经元并稳定线粒体功能。 APS 还可以减少 6-羟基多巴胺引起的氧化应激和神经毒性，显示出其神经保护作用。在 MS 中，APS 通过抑制 T 细胞增殖并通过 PD-1/PD-Ls 途径减少促炎细胞因子的表达来缓解症状。 APS 通过激活 Sonic Hedgehog 信号通路并促进神经干细胞分化为少突胶质细胞来促进髓磷脂再生。本文强调了 APS 显着的抗氧化、抗炎、免疫调节和神经保护药理活性，强调了它们作为治疗神经退行性疾病的有希望的候选者的潜力。版权所有 © 2024 Shi 和 Ma。

Astragalus membranaceus widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, exhibits multiple pharmacological effects, including immune stimulation, antioxidation, hepatoprotection, diuresis, antidiabetes, anticancer, and expectorant properties. Its main bioactive compounds include flavonoids, triterpene saponins, and polysaccharides. Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), one of its primary bioactive components, have been shown to possess a variety of pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, hematopoietic, and neuroprotective effects. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic effects of APS in treating neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). It discusses how APS improve insulin resistance, reduce blood glucose levels, enhance cognitive function, and reduce Aβ accumulation and neuronal apoptosis by modulating various pathways such as Nrf2, JAK/STAT, Toll, and IMD. For PD, APS protect neurons and stabilize mitochondrial function by inhibiting ROS production and promoting autophagy through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. APS also reduce oxidative stress and neurotoxicity induced by 6-hydroxydopamine, showcasing their neuroprotective effects. In MS, APS alleviate symptoms by suppressing T cell proliferation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression via the PD-1/PD-Ls pathway. APS promote myelin regeneration by activating the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway and fostering the differentiation of neural stem cells into oligodendrocytes. This article emphasizes the significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective pharmacological activities of APS, highlighting their potential as promising candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.Copyright © 2024 Shi and Ma.