造血干细胞 (HSC) 受到称为生态位的特定微环境的严格调节，以产生适当数量的成熟血细胞类型。自我更新和分化是造血干细胞和祖细胞的两个标志，它们的平衡对于血液和免疫细胞在整个生命过程中的正常运作至关重要。除了细胞内在调节外，骨髓生态位内的外在线索和全身因素也影响造血干细胞的命运。尽管如此，许多影响造血细胞功能的旁分泌和内分泌因素仍然未知。在血液恶性肿瘤中，恶性细胞将其生态位重塑为宽松的环境，以提高白血病细胞的存活率。这些事件伴随着正常造血功能的丧失。众所周知，细胞外载体（EV）在生理和病理条件下介导细胞内相互作用。换句话说，EV将生物信息传递给周围细胞，不仅有助于生理功能，还有助于某些疾病（例如癌症）的发病机制。因此，更好地了解细胞间相互作用可能有助于识别潜在的治疗靶点。最近的报告表明，EV 是进化上保守的调节造血功能的组成介质。在这里，我们重点关注 EV 在正常和病理条件下的新作用，特别是在血液恶性肿瘤中。由于生物体液中 EV 含量很高，因此讨论了它们作为生物标志物和治疗工具的潜在用途。© 2024 作者。

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are tightly regulated by specific microenvironments called niches to produce an appropriate number of mature blood cell types. Self-renewal and differentiation are two hallmarks of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and their balance is critical for proper functioning of blood and immune cells throughout life. In addition to cell-intrinsic regulation, extrinsic cues within the bone marrow niche and systemic factors also affect the fate of HSCs. Despite this, many paracrine and endocrine factors that influence the function of hematopoietic cells remain unknown. In hematological malignancies, malignant cells remodel their niche into a permissive environment to enhance the survival of leukemic cells. These events are accompanied by loss of normal hematopoiesis. It is well known that extracellular vehicles (EVs) mediate intracellular interactions under physiological and pathological conditions. In other words, EVs transfer biological information to surrounding cells and contribute not only to physiological functions but also to the pathogenesis of some diseases, such as cancers. Therefore, a better understanding of cell-to-cell interactions may lead to identification of potential therapeutic targets. Recent reports have suggested that EVs are evolutionarily conserved constitutive mediators that regulate hematopoiesis. Here, we focus on the emerging roles of EVs in normal and pathological conditions, particularly in hematological malignancies. Owing to the high abundance of EVs in biological fluids, their potential use as biomarkers and therapeutic tools is discussed.© 2024 The Author(s).