在血液或其他生理液体中，“循环细胞和亚细胞生物颗粒”包括许多微观生物成分，例如循环肿瘤细胞（CTC）、游离DNA（cfDNA）、外泌体、microRNA、血小板、免疫细胞、蛋白质是最广为人知和研究最多的。这些结构是医疗保健和医学研究中用于早期检测癌症和其他疾病的重要生物标志物，使治疗能够在临床症状出现之前开始并提高治疗效果。由于纳米技术的发展，随着待检测的这些生物标记物的尺寸减小以及它们在体液中的数量减少，从目视检查到先进的显微镜技术的检测材料开始变得更小、更灵敏、更快和更有效。本综述首先定义了循环细胞和亚细胞生物颗粒的生物、物理和机械特性，其次重点讨论了它们的诊断重要性，包括它们作为生物标志物的最新应用、用于检测它们的生物传感器、目前存在的障碍。必须克服的问题，以及该领域的未来发展。随着技术的进步和生物分子途径的深入，诊断测试将变得更加灵敏、特异和彻底。最后，将循环细胞和生物颗粒诊断用途的最新进展融入临床实践对于精准医疗和患者治疗结果大有希望。版权所有 © 2024。由 Elsevier Ltd 出版。

In the bloodstream or other physiological fluids, "circulating cells and sub-cellular bio-particles" include many microscopic biological elements such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), exosomes, microRNAs, platelets, immune cells, and proteins are the most well-known and investigated. These structures are crucial biomarkers in healthcare and medical research for the early detection of cancer and other disorders, enabling treatment to commence before the onset of clinical symptoms and enhancing the efficacy of treatments. As the size of these biomarkers to be detected decreases and their numbers in body fluids diminishes, the detection materials, ranging from visual inspection to advanced microscopy techniques, begin to become smaller, more sensitive, faster, and more effective, thanks to developing nanotechnology. This review first defines the circulating cells and subcellular bio-particles with their biological, physical, and mechanical properties and second focuses on their diagnostic importance, including their most recent applications as biomarkers, the biosensors that are utilized to detect them, the present obstacles that must be surmounted, and prospective developments in the domain. As technology advances and biomolecular pathways are deepens, diagnostic tests will become more sensitive, specific, and thorough. Finally, integrating recent advances in the diagnostic use of circulating cells and bioparticles into clinical practice is promising for precision medicine and patient outcomes.Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.