人类微生物群主要在肠腔内与宿主相互作用，其中腐败细菌被认为会促进结直肠癌（CRC）的发生。相比之下，益生菌及其分离成分和分泌物质由于能够调节肠道菌群组成、促进细胞凋亡、增强免疫力、抗氧化和改变代谢而表现出抗肿瘤特性。益生菌通过改变肠道微生物群并防止有害微生物定植，有助于形成坚固的肠道屏障，抵御有害物质。专门针对参与细胞凋亡过程的必需蛋白的益生菌菌株可以克服结直肠癌对细胞凋亡的抵抗。它们可以增加抗炎细胞因子的产生，这对于预防癌变至关重要，并通过激活 T 细胞介导的免疫反应来消除癌细胞。有明确的迹象表明，益生菌可以优化抗氧化系统，减少自由基的产生，并检测和降解潜在的致癌物质。本文对CRC病原体的致病机制以及益生菌在CRC预防和治疗中作用机制的最新见解进行了讨论，为益生菌在CRC中的实际应用提供参考。© 2024。作者，下Springer Nature B.V. 的独家许可

The human microbiome interacts with the host mainly in the intestinal lumen, where putrefactive bacteria are suggested to promote colorectal cancer (CRC). In contrast, probiotics and their isolated components and secreted substances, display anti-tumor properties due to their ability to modulate gut microbiota composition, promote apoptosis, enhance immunity, resist oxidation and alter metabolism. Probiotics help to form a solid intestinal barrier against damaging agents via altering the gut microbiota and preventing harmful microbes from colonization. Probiotic strains that specifically target essential proteins involved in the process of apoptosis can overcome CRC resistance to apoptosis. They can increase the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, essential in preventing carcinogenesis, and eliminate cancer cells by activating T cell-mediated immune responses. There is a clear indication that probiotics optimize the antioxidant system, decrease radical generation, and detect and degrade potential carcinogens. In this review, the pathogenic mechanisms of pathogens in CRC and the recent insights into the mechanism of probiotics in CRC prevention and therapy are discussed to provide a reference for the actual application of probiotics in CRC.© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.