人类多能干细胞（hPSC）技术的最新进展促进了人类神经元和大脑类器官新研究领域和应用的出现。脑类器官作为一种体外模型系统而受到关注，它概括了大脑的高级结构、细胞多样性和功能，以探索大脑发育、疾病建模、药物筛选和再生医学。脑类器官技术与各个研究领域的丰富相互作用加速了这一进展。人脑类器官技术的跨学科方法为更准确地理解人脑提供了更高阶的进步。在这篇综述中，我们总结了 hPSC 二维和三维培养系统中神经诱导的现状以及使用脑类器官进行神经退行性疾病的建模。我们还重点介绍了用于组装空间高阶神经组织的最新生物工程技术，以及脑类器官技术在了解人脑潜力和能力方面的前景。版权所有 © 2024 Nishimura、Osaki、Tezuka、Nakashima、Numata 和 Masamizu 。

Recent advances in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technologies have prompted the emergence of new research fields and applications for human neurons and brain organoids. Brain organoids have gained attention as an in vitro model system that recapitulates the higher structure, cellular diversity and function of the brain to explore brain development, disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. This progress has been accelerated by abundant interactions of brain organoid technology with various research fields. A cross-disciplinary approach with human brain organoid technology offers a higher-ordered advance for more accurately understanding the human brain. In this review, we summarize the status of neural induction in two- and three-dimensional culture systems from hPSCs and the modeling of neurodegenerative diseases using brain organoids. We also highlight the latest bioengineered technologies for the assembly of spatially higher-ordered neural tissues and prospects of brain organoid technology toward the understanding of the potential and abilities of the human brain.Copyright © 2024 Nishimura, Osaki, Tezuka, Nakashima, Numata and Masamizu.