骨缺损给医疗保健带来了重大挑战，全球每年进行超过 200 万例骨修复手术。作为骨组织工程领域的新兴力量，3D 打印为传统骨移植手术提供了新颖的解决方案。然而，目前的3D打印骨支架在材料选择、打印方法、细胞自组织和共培养方面仍面临三大挑战，严重阻碍了其临床应用。在这篇综合综述中，我们深入探讨了理想骨支架应具备的性能标准，特别关注3D打印技术在临床转化过程中面临的三个核心挑战。我们总结了非传统材料和先进打印技术的最新进展，强调了类器官技术与生物打印相结合的重要性。这种组合方法可以更精确地模拟自然组织结构和功能。我们撰写这篇综述的目的是提出有效的策略来应对这些挑战，并促进 3D 打印支架用于骨缺损治疗的临床转化。© 2024。作者。

Bone defects pose significant challenges in healthcare, with over 2 million bone repair surgeries performed globally each year. As a burgeoning force in the field of bone tissue engineering, 3D printing offers novel solutions to traditional bone transplantation procedures. However, current 3D-printed bone scaffolds still face three critical challenges in material selection, printing methods, cellular self-organization and co-culture, significantly impeding their clinical application. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the performance criteria that ideal bone scaffolds should possess, with a particular focus on the three core challenges faced by 3D printing technology during clinical translation. We summarize the latest advancements in non-traditional materials and advanced printing techniques, emphasizing the importance of integrating organ-like technologies with bioprinting. This combined approach enables more precise simulation of natural tissue structure and function. Our aim in writing this review is to propose effective strategies to address these challenges and promote the clinical translation of 3D-printed scaffolds for bone defect treatment.© 2024. The Author(s).