炎症涉及复杂的免疫反应，其中TNF-α、IL-1和IL-6等细胞因子促进血管舒张并增加血管通透性，以促进免疫细胞迁移至炎症部位。持续的炎症与癌症、关节炎和神经退行性疾病等疾病有关。尽管口服抗炎药因其非侵入性和成本效益而受到青睐，但由于胃肠道降解和有限的生物利用度，其疗效往往受到损害。最近的进展凸显了细胞外囊泡（EV）作为纳米载体的潜力，它可以通过封装治疗剂来增强药物输送，确保靶向释放并降低毒性。这些来自饮食来源和细胞培养物的 EV 表现出优异的生物相容性和稳定性，为抗炎治疗提供了一种新方法。本综述讨论了口服 EV（O-EV）的分类和优点、其作用机制以及它们在治疗炎症性疾病中的新作用，将其定位为开发创新抗炎药物输送系统的有前途的载体。© 2024曾等人。

Inflammation involves complex immune responses where cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 promote vasodilation and increased vascular permeability to facilitate immune cell migration to inflammation sites. Persistent inflammation is linked to diseases like cancer, arthritis, and neurodegenerative disorders. Although oral anti-inflammatory drugs are favored for their non-invasiveness and cost-effectiveness, their efficacy is often compromised due to gastrointestinal degradation and limited bioavailability. Recent advancements highlight the potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as nanocarriers that enhance drug delivery by encapsulating therapeutic agents, ensuring targeted release and reduced toxicity. These EVs, derived from dietary sources and cell cultures, exhibit excellent biocompatibility and stability, presenting a novel approach in anti-inflammatory therapies. This review discusses the classification and advantages of orally administered EVs (O-EVs), their mechanism of action, and their emerging role in treating inflammatory conditions, positioning them as promising vectors in the development of innovative anti-inflammatory drug delivery systems.© 2024 Zeng et al.