肝细胞癌（HCC）是全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因，由于其异质性，对诊断和治疗提出了重大挑战。生物标志物的发现对于应对这些挑战至关重要，有望实现早期检测、精确诊断和个性化治疗计划。甲胎蛋白 (AFP)、磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖 3 (GPC3) 和 des γ 羧基凝血酶原 (DCP) 等关键生物标志物已显示出改善临床结果的潜力。蛋白质组学技术的进步，包括新一代测序 (NGS)、质谱分析以及检测循环肿瘤细胞 (CTC) 和循环肿瘤 DNA (ctDNA) 的液体活检，加深了我们对 HCC 分子格局的了解。 PD-L1 表达和肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞 (TIL) 等免疫标记物在指导免疫治疗决策中也发挥着至关重要的作用。尽管取得了这些进步，但在生物标志物验证、标准化、融入临床实践以及成本相关障碍方面仍然存在挑战。单细胞测序和机器学习等新兴技术为进一步探索提供了有希望的途径。研究人员、医疗保健提供者和政策制定者之间对研究和合作的持续投资对于充分利用生物标志物的潜力至关重要，最终彻底改变 HCC 管理并通过个性化治疗方法改善患者的治疗结果。版权所有 © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading contributor to cancer-related deaths worldwide and presents significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment due to its heterogeneous nature. The discovery of biomarkers has become crucial in addressing these challenges, promising early detection, precise diagnosis, and personalized treatment plans. Key biomarkers, such as alpha fetoprotein (AFP) glypican 3 (GPC3) and des gamma carboxy prothrombin (DCP) have shown potential in improving clinical results. Progress in proteomic technologies, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), mass spectrometry, and liquid biopsies detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), has deepened our understanding of HCC's molecular landscape. Immunological markers, like PD-L1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), also play a crucial role in guiding immunotherapy decisions. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in biomarker validation, standardization, integration into clinical practice, and cost-related barriers. Emerging technologies like single-cell sequencing and machine learning offer promising avenues for further exploration. Continued investment in research and collaboration among researchers, healthcare providers, and policymakers is vital to harness the potential of biomarkers fully, ultimately revolutionizing HCC management and improving patient outcomes through personalized treatment approaches.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.