原发性肝癌是一个主要的健康问题，是世界上第六大最常见的癌症，也是世界上癌症相关死亡的第三大原因。肝癌最常见的组织学类型是肝细胞癌（HCC，75-80%）。本综述根据原始文献，在基因突变谱、拷贝数改变、和基因表达，包括分子亚组的定义以及一些分子生物标志物和治疗靶点的鉴定。还强调了最近的治疗进展。加深对 HCC 分子复杂性的理解正在逐步为开发更个性化的治疗方法铺平道路。两个重要的策略包括在 HCC 患者亚群中定义和验证分子定义的治疗靶点，以及为已批准的系统疗法（多激酶抑制剂和免疫疗法）鉴定合适的生物标志物。在基因组和转录组水平上对患者进行广泛的分子表征以及在临床试验中纳入详细且相关的转化研究将成为提高 HCC 全身治疗益处的基本工具。

Primary liver cancer is a major health problem being the sixth most frequent cancer in the world and the third cause of cancer-related death in the world. The most common histological type of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, 75-80%).Based on primary literature, this review provides an updated analysis of studies of genetic characterization of HCC at the level of gene mutation profiling, copy number alterations, and gene expression, with the definition of molecular subgroups and the identification of some molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Recent therapeutic developments are also highlighted.Deepening the understanding of the molecular complexity of HCC is progressively paving the way for the development of more personalized treatment approaches. Two important strategies involve the definition and validation of molecularly defined therapeutic targets in a subset of HCC patients and the identification of suitable biomarkers for approved systematic therapies (multikinase inhibitors and immunotherapies). The extensive molecular characterization of patients at the genomic and transcriptomic levels and the inclusion of detailed and relevant translational studies in clinical trials will represent a fundamental tool for improving the benefit of systemic therapies in HCC.