三级淋巴结构（TLS）被定义为在病理条件下非造血器官中形成的淋巴聚集体。与次级淋巴器官（SLO）类似，TLS的形成依赖于淋巴组织诱导（LTi）细胞和淋巴组织组织（LTo）细胞之间的相互作用，涉及多种细胞因子。异构性是 TLS 的一个显着特征，这可能导致它们的功能存在差异。越来越多的证据表明，TLS 与多种疾病有关，如癌症、自身免疫性疾病、移植排斥、慢性炎症、感染，甚至衰老。然而，这些临床关联背后的详细机制尚未完全了解。 TLS 成熟和定位影响免疫功能的机制也不清楚。因此，有必要在细胞和分子水平上加强对TLS发育和功能的理解，这可能使我们能够利用它们来改善免疫微环境。在这篇综述中，我们深入研究了 TLS 的组成、形成机制、与疾病的关联以及潜在的治疗应用。此外，我们还讨论了 TLS 的治疗意义，例如它们作为治疗反应和预后标志物的作用。最后，我们总结了检测和定位 TLS 的各种方法。总体而言，我们提供了对 TLS 的全面了解，并旨在开发更有效的治疗策略。© 2024。作者。

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are defined as lymphoid aggregates formed in non-hematopoietic organs under pathological conditions. Similar to secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), the formation of TLSs relies on the interaction between lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells and lymphoid tissue organizer (LTo) cells, involving multiple cytokines. Heterogeneity is a distinguishing feature of TLSs, which may lead to differences in their functions. Growing evidence suggests that TLSs are associated with various diseases, such as cancers, autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, chronic inflammation, infection, and even ageing. However, the detailed mechanisms behind these clinical associations are not yet fully understood. The mechanisms by which TLS maturation and localization affect immune function are also unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the understanding of TLS development and function at the cellular and molecular level, which may allow us to utilize them to improve the immune microenvironment. In this review, we delve into the composition, formation mechanism, associations with diseases, and potential therapeutic applications of TLSs. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic implications of TLSs, such as their role as markers of therapeutic response and prognosis. Finally, we summarize various methods for detecting and targeting TLSs. Overall, we provide a comprehensive understanding of TLSs and aim to develop more effective therapeutic strategies.© 2024. The Author(s).