类风湿性关节炎（RA）的特点是炎症性关节病理导致关节骨和软骨退化，主要由滑膜炎症引发，导致关节不适。掌指关节和近端指间关节主要受到影响。治疗通常包括生物和合成疾病缓解抗风湿药物 (DAMARD) 与类固醇疗法的组合。纳米医学的应用通过促进药理活性化合物的受控释放，从而提高生物利用度并实现靶向药物输送，有助于提高治疗效果。姜酚是生姜的一种成分，具有多方面的特性。包括抗炎、抗氧化、抗糖尿病和解热作用。在这项研究中，在 21 天的时间内给大鼠口服涂有壳聚糖的姜酚聚乳酸乙醇酸 (PLGA) 纳米颗粒 (NP)，以治疗由完全弗氏佐剂 (CFA) 诱导的 RA 。将大鼠分为四个实验组。治疗方案完成后，收集血样以评估环氧合酶-2 (COX-2)、RA因子、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6) 和肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)。随后进行基因表达分析以评估白细胞介素 4 (IL-4)、白细胞介素 17a (IL-17a)、IL-6、干扰素 γ (INF-γ)、TNF-α、白细胞介素 1 β 的水平(IL-1β)、骨保护素 (OPG) 和核因子 kappa-B 配体受体激活剂 (RANKL)。对数据应用单向方差分析和 Tukey 检验的统计分析。基因表达谱显示，CFA 诱导的关节炎组和对照组之间 IL-1β、IL-6、IL-4、IL-17a、RANKL、INF-γ 和 TNF-α mRNA 水平存在显着差异。因此，据推测，涂有壳聚糖的负载姜辣素的 PLGA NP 在解决 CFA 诱导的大鼠关节炎方面表现出更高的治疗功效。© 2024。作者，获得 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 的独家许可。

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by inflammatory joint pathology leading to the degradation of articular bone and cartilage, primarily triggered by synovial inflammation, resulting in joint discomfort. The metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints are predominantly affected. Treatment typically involves a combination of biological and synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DAMARDs) alongside steroid therapy. The application of nanomedicine has been instrumental in enhancing treatment efficacy by facilitating controlled release of pharmacologically active compounds, thus augmenting bioavailability and enabling targeted drug delivery. Gingerol, a constituent of ginger, possesses multifaceted properties. including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antidiabetic, and antipyretic effects. In this study, gingerol-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs), coated with chitosan, were administered orally to rats over a period of 21 days to address RA induced by complete Freund adjuvant (CFA). The rats were segregated into four experimental groups. Upon completion of the treatment regimen, blood samples were collected for the assessment of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), RA factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Subsequent gene expression analysis was conducted to evaluate the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-17a (IL-17a), IL-6, interferon-gamma (INF-γ), TNF-α, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). Statistical analyses utilizing one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey tests were applied to the data. The gene expression profiling revealed significant disparities in mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4, IL-17a, RANKL, INF-γ, and TNF-α between the CFA-induced arthritis group and the control group. Consequently, it was inferred that gingerol-loaded PLGA NPs coated with chitosan exhibited heightened therapeutic efficacy in addressing CFA-induced arthritis in rats.© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.