胶质瘤，特别是多形性胶质母细胞瘤（GBM），是一种高度侵袭性的脑肿瘤，由于其快速进展和对传统疗法的耐药性，给肿瘤学带来了重大挑战。尽管治疗取得了进展，但 GBM 患者的预后仍然很差，需要探索新的治疗方法。其中一项新兴策略是开发神经胶质瘤疫苗，其目的是刺激免疫系统靶向并破坏肿瘤细胞。本综述旨在对神经胶质瘤疫苗开发的现状进行全面评估，分析正在研究的疫苗类型，临床试验的结果以及与其实施相关的挑战和机遇。目的是强调神经胶质瘤疫苗在为神经胶质瘤患者提供更有效和个性化的治疗方面的潜力。这篇叙述性综述通过纳入 2000 年至 2024 年期间发表的英文全文文章，系统地评估了神经胶质瘤疫苗的作用。使用“神经胶质瘤”、“脑肿瘤”、“胶质母细胞瘤”、“疫苗”和“免疫疗法”等关键词对 PubMed/MEDLINE、EMBASE、Cochrane Library 和 Scopus 等数据库进行搜索。该综述纳入了临床前和临床研究，包括描述性研究、动物模型研究、队列研究和观察性研究。应用排除标准来省略摘要、病例报告、海报和未经同行评审的研究，确保纳入高质量的证据。研究各种神经胶质瘤疫苗的临床试验，包括基于肽的、基于 DNA/RNA 的、基于全基因组的疫苗。细胞和树突状细胞疫苗已显示出有希望的结果。这些疫苗在延长神经胶质瘤患者的生存率和管理不良事件方面具有潜力。然而，重大挑战仍然存在，例如由于肿瘤异质性和免疫逃避机制导致的治疗耐药性。此外，缺乏评估疫苗反应的标准化指南以及与伦理考虑、监管障碍和患者疫苗接受度相关的问题，使神经胶质瘤疫苗的实施进一步复杂化。解决与神经胶质瘤疫苗相关的挑战包括探索联合疗法、靶向方法和个性化医疗。将疫苗与放疗或化疗等传统疗法相结合，可以通过增强免疫系统对抗肿瘤细胞的能力来提高疗效。根据个体患者情况定制的个性化疫苗为改善结果提供了机会。此外，全球合作和公平分配对于确保获得神经胶质瘤疫苗至关重要，特别是在医疗资源有限的低收入和中等收入国家。这是一种众所周知难以治疗的疾病。尽管面临挑战，持续研究和开发创新策略（包括联合疗法和个性化方法）对于克服当前障碍和改变神经胶质瘤患者的治疗格局至关重要。© 2024 作者。中枢神经系统科学

Gliomas, particularly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), are highly aggressive brain tumors that present significant challenges in oncology due to their rapid progression and resistance to conventional therapies. Despite advancements in treatment, the prognosis for patients with GBM remains poor, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. One such emerging strategy is the development of glioma vaccines, which aim to stimulate the immune system to target and destroy tumor cells.This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the current landscape of glioma vaccine development, analyzing the types of vaccines under investigation, the outcomes of clinical trials, and the challenges and opportunities associated with their implementation. The goal is to highlight the potential of glioma vaccines in advancing more effective and personalized treatments for glioma patients.This narrative review systematically assessed the role of glioma vaccines by including full-text articles published between 2000 and 2024 in English. Databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched using key terms like "glioma," "brain tumor," "glioblastoma," "vaccine," and "immunotherapy." The review incorporated both pre-clinical and clinical studies, including descriptive studies, animal-model studies, cohort studies, and observational studies. Exclusion criteria were applied to omit abstracts, case reports, posters, and non-peer-reviewed studies, ensuring the inclusion of high-quality evidence.Clinical trials investigating various glioma vaccines, including peptide-based, DNA/RNA-based, whole-cell, and dendritic-cell vaccines, have shown promising results. These vaccines demonstrated potential in extending survival rates and managing adverse events in glioma patients. However, significant challenges remain, such as therapeutic resistance due to tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion mechanisms. Moreover, the lack of standardized guidelines for evaluating vaccine responses and issues related to ethical considerations, regulatory hurdles, and vaccine acceptance among patients further complicate the implementation of glioma vaccines.Addressing the challenges associated with glioma vaccines involves exploring combination therapies, targeted approaches, and personalized medicine. Combining vaccines with traditional therapies like radiotherapy or chemotherapy may enhance efficacy by boosting the immune system's ability to fight tumor cells. Personalized vaccines tailored to individual patient profiles present an opportunity for improved outcomes. Furthermore, global collaboration and equitable distribution are critical for ensuring access to glioma vaccines, especially in low- and middle-income countries with limited healthcare resources CONCLUSION: Glioma vaccines represent a promising avenue in the fight against gliomas, offering hope for improving patient outcomes in a disease that is notoriously difficult to treat. Despite the challenges, continued research and the development of innovative strategies, including combination therapies and personalized approaches, are essential for overcoming current barriers and transforming the treatment landscape for glioma patients.© 2024 The Author(s). CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.