衰老是人类疾病的主要驱动因素，并对死亡率产生深远影响。生物钟被用来测量衰老过程，希望找出可能的干预措施。生物钟可分为表型或表观遗传，其中表型时钟使用易于测量的临床生物标志物，表观遗传时钟使用细胞甲基化数据。近年来，甲基化时钟在预测实际年龄方面取得了惊人的表现，并与各种与年龄相关的疾病有关。此外，表型时钟已被证明能够比实际年龄更好地预测死亡率，从而提供对衰老过程的细胞内洞察。本综述旨在系统地调查迄今为止所有提出的表观遗传和表型时钟，不包括有丝分裂时钟（即癌症风险时钟）和使用非人类样本建模的时钟。我们报告了 33 个时钟的预测性能，并概述了所使用的统计或机器学习技术。我们还报告了所包含的表型时钟中使用的最有影响力的临床测量。我们的研究结果提供了过去十年生物钟研究的系统报告，并指出了未来研究的可能途径。

Aging is the leading driver of disease in humans and has profound impacts on mortality. Biological clocks are used to measure the aging process in the hopes of identifying possible interventions. Biological clocks may be categorized as phenotypic or epigenetic, where phenotypic clocks use easily measurable clinical biomarkers and epigenetic clocks use cellular methylation data. In recent years, methylation clocks have attained phenomenal performance when predicting chronological age and have been linked to various age-related diseases. Additionally, phenotypic clocks have been proven to be able to predict mortality better than chronological age, providing intracellular insights into the aging process. This review aimed to systematically survey all proposed epigenetic and phenotypic clocks to date, excluding mitotic clocks (i.e., cancer risk clocks) and those that were modeled using non-human samples. We reported the predictive performance of 33 clocks and outlined the statistical or machine learning techniques used. We also reported the most influential clinical measurements used in the included phenotypic clocks. Our findings provide a systematic reporting of the last decade of biological clock research and indicate possible avenues for future research.