筛查乳房 X 光检查的假阳性结果可能会影响女性返回接受未来筛查的意愿。评估筛查乳房 X 光检查结果与后续筛查概率之间的关联。队列研究。177 家机构参与乳腺癌监测联盟 (BCSC)。3 529 2005 年至 2017 年期间，对 1 053 672 名 40 至 73 岁、未诊断出乳腺癌的女性进行了 825 次筛查性乳房 X 光检查（3 184 482 个真阴性和 345 343 个假阳性）。 乳房 X 光检查结果（真阴性结果或假阳性回忆）建议仅从 1 或 2 次筛查性乳房 X 光检查中立即进行额外成像、短间隔随访或活检）。估计了假阳性与真阴性筛查结果在 9 至 30 个月内返回筛查的概率的绝对差异，并根据种族、民族、年龄、自上次乳房 X 光检查以来的时间、BCSC 登记以及女性和设施内的聚类进行了调整。与仅进行额外成像的假阳性回忆后相比，女性在获得真阴性结果后更有可能返回（76.9% [95% CI，75.1% 至 78.6%]）（调整后的绝对差异，-1.9 个百分点 [CI， -3.1 至 -0.7 个百分点]）、短间隔随访（-15.9 个百分点 [CI，-19.7 至 -12.0 个百分点]）或活检（-10.0 个百分点 [CI，-14.2 至 -5.9 个百分点]）点]）。与建议进行短时间间隔随访（-20 至 -25 个百分点）或活检（-13 至 -14 个百分点）的假阳性结果相比，亚洲和西班牙裔/拉丁裔女性的返回概率下降幅度最大。真正的阴性。在 5 年内进行过 2 次乳房 X 光检查的女性中，无论第一次筛查结果如何，第二次的假阳性结果与返回第三次筛查的可能性降低相关。女性可以在非 BCSC 机构接受护理。女性则不太可能在乳房X光检查结果出现假阳性后返回筛查，特别是建议进行短期随访或活检，这引起了人们对这些乳腺癌风险增加的女性继续参与常规筛查的担忧。国家癌症研究所。

False-positive results on screening mammography may affect women's willingness to return for future screening.To evaluate the association between screening mammography results and the probability of subsequent screening.Cohort study.177 facilities participating in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC).3 529 825 screening mammograms (3 184 482 true negatives and 345 343 false positives) performed from 2005 to 2017 among 1 053 672 women aged 40 to 73 years without a breast cancer diagnosis.Mammography results (true-negative result or false-positive recall with a recommendation for immediate additional imaging only, short-interval follow-up, or biopsy) from 1 or 2 screening mammograms. Absolute differences in the probability of returning for screening within 9 to 30 months of false-positive versus true-negative screening results were estimated, adjusting for race, ethnicity, age, time since last mammogram, BCSC registry, and clustering within women and facilities.Women were more likely to return after a true-negative result (76.9% [95% CI, 75.1% to 78.6%]) than after a false-positive recall for additional imaging only (adjusted absolute difference, -1.9 percentage points [CI, -3.1 to -0.7 percentage points]), short-interval follow-up (-15.9 percentage points [CI, -19.7 to -12.0 percentage points]), or biopsy (-10.0 percentage points [CI, -14.2 to -5.9 percentage points]). Asian and Hispanic/Latinx women had the largest decreases in the probability of returning after a false positive with a recommendation for short-interval follow-up (-20 to -25 percentage points) or biopsy (-13 to -14 percentage points) versus a true negative. Among women with 2 screening mammograms within 5 years, a false-positive result on the second was associated with a decreased probability of returning for a third regardless of the first screening result.Women could receive care at non-BCSC facilities.Women were less likely to return to screening after false-positive mammography results, especially with recommendations for short-interval follow-up or biopsy, raising concerns about continued participation in routine screening among these women at increased breast cancer risk.National Cancer Institute.