多倍体是包含两个以上完整染色体组的细胞状态。它主要作为有机体、组织或疾病背景下的离散现象进行研究。然而，跨学科的多倍体研究越来越多地围绕共同原则进行结合。例如，最近的生命之树多倍体会议考虑了多倍体在数百万年的生物体进化和更短时间尺度的肿瘤发生中的贡献。在这里，我们以这种新发现的整合为基础，对生物体、细胞和疾病中的多倍体进行统一讨论。我们强调多倍体在多个生物尺度上的普遍性，从而消除了其专业化的过时思维。此外，我们讨论了所有多倍体实例可能通用的规则。随着人们越来越认识到多倍体在自然界中普遍存在，并在不同的背景下表现出令人着迷的共性，与这一重要主题相关的探究正在迅速变得统一。

Polyploidy is a cellular state containing more than two complete chromosome sets. It has largely been studied as a discrete phenomenon in either organismal, tissue, or disease contexts. Increasingly, however, investigation of polyploidy across disciplines is coalescing around common principles. For example, the recent Polyploidy Across the Tree of Life meeting considered the contribution of polyploidy both in organismal evolution over millions of years and in tumorigenesis across much shorter timescales. Here, we build on this newfound integration with a unified discussion of polyploidy in organisms, cells, and disease. We highlight how common polyploidy is at multiple biological scales, thus eliminating the outdated mindset of its specialization. Additionally, we discuss rules that are likely common to all instances of polyploidy. With increasing appreciation that polyploidy is pervasive in nature and displays fascinating commonalities across diverse contexts, inquiry related to this important topic is rapidly becoming unified.